exam 4 - obesity

What causes obesity?

Energy intake exceeds energy use → excess adipose tissue.

What type of obesity is most common?

Primary obesity (excess calorie intake).

What is secondary obesity?

Obesity caused by medical conditions or medications.

What are major health risks linked to obesity?

CVD, HTN, T2DM, osteoarthritis, GERD, sleep apnea, gallstones, cancer.

What is the relationship between obesity and quality of life?

Obesity decreases mobility, independence, and overall quality of life.

What body shape increases risk of complications?

Apple-shaped (central/abdominal obesity).

What initial assessments are done for obesity?

Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio.

What is the first step in treating obesity?

Identify physical conditions contributing to weight gain.

What are the four patient goals for obesity management?

Modify eating, exercise regularly, achieve weight loss, prevent complications.

Why is motivation essential for weight loss?

Sustained lifestyle changes require consistent effort.

What is the cornerstone of weight loss therapy?

Restricting dietary intake below energy expenditure.

Are low-calorie diets safe long-term?

Only short-term; require monitoring due to risk of nutrient deficiencies.

How much should patients exercise for weight control?

30–60 minutes daily.

What is the role of behavioral therapy in weight loss?

Self-monitoring, stimulus control, rewards.

When is drug therapy for obesity appropriate?

BMI ≥ 30 or BMI ≥ 27 with comorbidity (HTN, diabetes).

What is bariatric surgery?

Surgical intervention for severe obesity; most effective long-term.

What are restrictive bariatric procedures?

Reduce stomach size → early satiety.

What are malabsorptive procedures?

Shorten/bypass small intestine → decreased absorption.

What are major postoperative risks of bariatric surgery?

Wound infection, poor healing, DVT, leaks, anemia, vitamin deficiencies.

Why do bariatric patients require long-term follow up?

Risk for late complications (vitamin deficiency, anemia, psychosocial issues).

What are signs of metabolic syndrome?

Impaired fasting glucose, HTN, abnormal cholesterol, obesity.

What is the main goal of metabolic syndrome treatment?

Reduce risk of CVD and diabetes.

Which lifestyle changes reduce metabolic syndrome risk?

Stop smoking, lose weight, lower BP, lower LDL, manage glucose.