Gen Bio 2 Chapter 2 Prokaryotes

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Last updated 4:09 AM on 7/20/26
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33 Terms

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2 Domains are Prokaryotes which ones

Bacteria & Archaea

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Nucleoid

Single Haploid Cell where the DNA is

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Prokaryotes have a

Cell Wall

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Plasmids

Extra DNA

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Bacteria Only

Peptidoglycan in cell wall

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2 Types of Gram Staining

Positive & Negative

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Gram Positive

Purple, Thick Cell wall, lots of peptidoglycan.

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Gram Negative

Pink, Thin peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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Some prokaryotes are

Motile

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Taxis

Movement: positive = moving towards stimulus, negative = moving away from stimulus

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Flagella is found in all domains but are

Analogous (Convergent Evolution)

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How the Flagella works

H+ and ETC

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Binary Fission

Asexual, Divide into daughter cell (Identical). Very fast, Makes a lot of offsprings quickly (1 parent = 2 daughter cells)

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2 Factors that raise Genetic Diversity

Rapid Reproduction & Mutation

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Vertical Gene Transfer

Parent to offspring

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Horizontal Gene Transfer

Transfer of Genetic material NOT from parent to offspring

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Horizontal Gene Transfer in Prokaryotes

1.) Tranformation

2.) Transduction

3.) Conjugation

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Transformation

DNA from Surroundings. Incorporates foreign DNA as Plasmids or into the bacterial genome.

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Transduction

Phage transfer Bacterial DNA. The Bacteria is now using the virus to transmit bacterial DNA.

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Conjugation

DNA shared between 2 individual Cells. F factor F+= allies to grow Pilus

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Everything needs

Energy and Carbon

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Cyanobacteria are

Photoautotrophs

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Clostridium Botulinum is a

Chemoheterotroph

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Obligate Aerobe

Needs O2

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obligate anaerobe

O2 will kill must have none

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Facultative Anaerobe

Can live with or without O2.

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5 groups of bacteria and 4 Archaea

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Proteobacteria

Ancestor of Mitochondria. Includes Mitochondria & other mutualistic Bacteria.

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Cyanobacteria

Photoautotroph, Ancestor of Chloroplasts

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In Archaea Diversity there are

Prokaryotes, Extremophiles, and cell walls with no peptidoglycan

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Halophiles

High Salt Environments

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Thermophiles

Very hot environments

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Methanogens

Unique to Archaea. Release CH4 - poisoned by O2