PSYCH 2314 CHAPTER 4 REVIEW

What is the sense of independence or freedom to control yourself and your actions called

autonomy

If a fifteen-month-old child had a red dot on her face, what would she most likely do when seeing herself in a mirror

do not seem to notice the red mark

What does the mirror test show us is missing in most one-year-old children

self-awareness

What is one typical differences between most females and males with regard to chromosomes

female has two X chromosome and male have both X and Y chromosome

What are infants with a slow-to-warm-up temperament likely to be

(over-controlled/inhibited) has pleasant disposition but particularly low adaptability (if conditions are stable) such infants are content but when novel events occur they become cautious and possibly withdrawn

What is surgency a term that refers to

(extraversion) a trait characterized by high levels of physical activity, sociability, and spontaneity

In addition to extroversion/introversion, what is the other personality dimension that Hans and Sybil Eysenck believed in?

neuroticism/stability

What is important for children to establish in the first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory

trust

What is recommended for caregivers to do when a child has a temper tantrum

give time to cry and release their emotions

What is one difference between a mood and an emotion

• emotion = temporary affective sate or feelings that influence our physiology, facial expressions, and motivations

• mood = long-lasting dispositions that describe an individual’s level of arousal and pleasure

Which of the following consists only of primary emotions

• joy

• sadness

• fear

• anger

• disgust

• surprise

What do self-conscious emotions involve

secondary emotions

What does dyadic regulation involve

caregiver calmly holds, cuddles, and touches an infant to help them slow their breathing and heart rate

In regard to emotion regulation skills, what were American families more likely to do compared to Korean, Dutch, Italian, and Japanese families

supplying interesting and stimulating environments

Amelia tells her child, “I know you are upset... but you have plenty of other toys to play with." What is she demonstrating

emotional labeling

At what age do infants usually produce their first social smile

2 months

What kind of neurons react when infants see someone doing something that causes them to imitate that action

mirror neurons

What was found in Harry Harlow's attachment studies with baby monkeys

physical health needs met but differed in their access to physical comfort

What did insecure avoidant infants do in the Strange Situation task

made less eye contact and engaged in less social referencing when the caregiver exited the room infants were less likely to become upset and less likely to be responsive to caregiver’s return

What do nuclear families always feature

children live with two parental figures

Which component of family structure most strongly influences infants’ and toddlers’ social and emotional development

number of caregivers

Based on what factors does the HOME scale measure the quality of the home environment

parental responsiveness, home cleanliness, and child cleanliness

What is high-quality childcare most likely to feature

• clean, spacious play areas with engaging toys and books

• good nutrition

• attentive caregivers with knowledge and experience with knowledge and experience with children

• small staff-to-infant rations (one worker to three infants under 18 months)

• low turnover among workers

• minimal screen time

• time for active play outdoors in safe environment

• quiet spaces or times for infants and toddlers to rest

Infants who spend more than fifteen hours per week watching screens are more likely to have what

delayed vocabulary growth and display attentional problems by the age of 6