D2.1.14 Cell growth during interphase (HL)

What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?

The cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and produces organelles.

What is the main event that occurs during the S phase of interphase?

DNA replication, which doubles the genetic material.

What occurs during the G2 phase of interphase?

The cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis by synthesizing proteins and organelles needed for division.

Why is interphase not considered a 'resting' phase?

Interphase is a time of intense activity, including cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for division.

What is the role of ribosomes during interphase?

Ribosomes produce proteins needed for growth and DNA replication.

Which enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase.

What is the significance of DNA replication during the S phase?

DNA replication ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material.

How do mitochondria and chloroplasts increase in number during interphase?

They replicate their DNA and divide through a process similar to binary fission.

Why is mitochondrial division important?

Mitochondria must be inherited from the parent cell, as they cannot be synthesized from scratch.

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria produce ATP through cellular respiration.

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis.

Why is interphase important for genetic continuity?

Interphase ensures that DNA replication guarantees each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions.

How does interphase support growth and repair in multicellular organisms?

Interphase is critical for growth and for repairing damaged tissues by preparing cells for division.

What is the relationship between interphase and mitosis?

Interphase is not part of mitosis, but it is essential for ensuring the cell is ready to divide.

What are the roles of enzymes during interphase?

Enzymes facilitate processes like DNA replication and protein synthesis.

Name one enzyme involved in DNA replication and its function.

Helicase, which unwinds the DNA.

What are the three stages of interphase?

G1 Phase (Gap 1): Cell growth and organelle production; S Phase (Synthesis): DNA replication; G2 Phase (Gap 2): Preparation for mitosis.

How does the ability of organelles to replicate independently support the theory of endosymbiosis?

It suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts may have originated from free-living prokaryotes that entered into a symbiotic relationship with ancestral eukaryotic cells.

What happens to the cell's size and mass during interphase?

Both the cell's size and mass double during interphase.