motivation and emotions

adventure seeking

activities like skydiving or racing

intrinsic motivation

engaging in tasks for inherent satisfaction or challenge (learning for enjoyment)

extrinsic motivation

performing tasks due to external rewards or pressure

instinct theory

behavior is innate and evolved for survival, unlearned

drive reduction theory

motivation arises from biological needs aiming to maintain homeostasis

incentive theory

external stimuli drive behavior

arousal theory

people seek an optimal level of arousal

boredom susceptibility

intolerance of repetitive or routine experiences

self-determination theory

people need competence (mastering tasks), autonomy (control of their lives), and relatedness (connection) for motivation

approach approach conflict

choosing between two desirable outcomes

avoidance avoidance conflict

choosing between two undesirable outcomes

approach avoidance conflict

a single goal has both positive and negative aspects

disinhibition

seeking release through social stimulation or risk-taking

growth mindset

a belief system where individuals see their abilities and intelligence as qualities that can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence

display rules

facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice are governed by cultural norms

hierarchy of needs

people are motivated to realize personal potential and growth with the basic needs

broaden and build theory

positive emotions broaden perspective, enabling growth and long-term resource building

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expression can lead to physical changes tied to emotion

lateral hypothalamus

on switch for hunger

ventromedial hypothalamus

off switch for hunger

blood glucose

form of sugar that circulates in blood and produces a major source of energy

insulin

hormone that regulates glucose

ghrelin

increased levels in brain strongly stimulate appetite and eating (higher → hungrier)

leptin

increased levels in brain regulate appetite and food intake (high → full)

set point theory

long-term matching of food intake to energy to keep the body at a healthy weight

homeostasis

body’s self-regulating process

anorexia

eating disorder where people do not eat because they see themselves as overweight

cognitive appraisal

instantaneous interpretation of a situation that determines an someone’s emotion

cognitive label

a thought, interpretation, or name assigned to a physiological state or an event, shaping emotional experience

thrill seeking

active pursuit of intense sensations or experiences

sensation seeking theory

need for high stimulation to reach the optimal level of arousal

optimal level of arousal

amount of stimulation someone needs in order to perform at their best

overjustification effect

if someone if given an incentive for something they enjoy doing they will stop enjoying that activity the more the incentive is offered

hormone

chemical messenger that regulates long-term bodily processes, behavior, emotions

yerkes dodson law

performance increases with stress but only up to a point