Communications Exam 1

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Source Oriented

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55 Terms
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Source Oriented

"Intent" Matters

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Receiver Oriented

Intent does not matter

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Where is Source-oriented communication used?

Public Relations (Ex; Journalism, Advertising)

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Where is receiver-oriented communication used?

Interpersonal, communication, consulting

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What are the flaws of source-oriented communication?

Too narrow

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What are the flaws of receiver-oriented communication?

too broad, doesn't draw the line between communication & behavior

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SMCR

Linear/one-way view of communication

<p>Linear/one-way view of communication</p>
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Interactional Model

Communication takes turns

<p>Communication takes turns</p>
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Transaction Model

Communication plays role simultaneously

<p>Communication plays role simultaneously</p>
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Function of Theories

Organise Experience, Extend Knowledge, Stimulate and Guide Research, Perform an Anticipatory Function

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Rhetorical

Talk is a practical art

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Semiotic

Study of Signs in ordinary/everyday life

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Phenomenological

personal interpretation that we make as individuals

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Cybernetic

Information processing -expansive look on communication networks -Where the message went wrong

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Socio-Psychological

Cause & Effect on human interaction

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Socio-Cultural

Everyday interactions depend heavily on pre-existing social norms/shared cultural patterns

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Critical

-Fairness, Injustice, Power -Language is to keep or break down social order

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Intrapersonal

Communication with oneself

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Interpersonal

Imagined Interactions

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Paradigm

A grand macro-scale model with a set of assumptions that are shared by many "like theories"

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Drawbacks of Paradigm

-Incomplete, oversimplified -many ways to model a single process

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Covering Laws

-Focuses on numbers -Makes Generalisations

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Strengths of Covering Laws

-Good at making predictions -Identifies clear themes in human interaction -Frequently used -Allows you to study large group of people

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Weaknesses of Covering Laws

-Can appear Linear -Overemphasized in-groups & outgroups

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Rules

Rules you pick to govern your opinion

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Strengths of Rules

Strengths of Rules -Free choice interpretation -Multiple meanings to any one action -Diverse perspectives

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Weaknesses of Rules

-No clear cut answers -Doesn't offer any generalised ability

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Systems

Patterns of behaviours

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Strengths of Systems

-Most aware of the communication context -Good at giving descriptions of how things are interacted -Doesn't attempt to make universal generalisations Scope

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Scope

Boundaries & limits of the theories explanations

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Logical Consistency

Do the principles of theories contradict each other?

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Parsimony

Theory as simple as it could be

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Utility

Theory is useful, practical, applied

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Testability

Can parts of the theory be falsified?

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Heurism

Theory stimulating new ways of things

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Test of Time

How long has the theory been around? How long has it been used?

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Assumptions of Expectancy Violations Theory

-Human interaction is driven by expectations -When expectations are not met (deviation) becomes aroused or curious -Evaluations of deviations are mediated by the reward value of the communicator

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Critique of Expectancy Violations Theory

Scope: does the throw define its parameters Utility: Can you use it/can you apply it anywhere Testability: Have to be able to observe it Heurism: Stimulated ideas

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Expectations

behaviours we can anticipate in a conversation with another person

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Arousal

When you notice something was not anticipated as you thought you become more AWARE!

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Threat Threshold

Interactant in the conversation feels uncomfortable in the presence of deviation

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Violation Valence

Positive or Negative assessment of deviation

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Assumptions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory

-Communicators carry rich assortiments of cognitive elements -What is consonant or dissonant for one person may not be for another -Dissonance produces tension for change -Human attempt to deduce dissonance tend to avoid situations that produce it -More dissonance=Greater pressure to change

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Sources of Consonance

-Reassurance of Security -Demonstration of Predictability -The use of Rewards

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Sources of Dissonance

-Loss of Group Prestige -Economic Loss Loss of Personal Prestige -Uncertainty of Prediction -Guilt

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Ways Dissonance is reduced

-New elements may be added to cognitive systems to add more "weight" to one side or the other -Elements may be refined as important -Consent information may be sought -Info may be distorted

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Critique of Cognitive Dissonance Theory

-Utility(-): Maybe the theory can't be applied -Testability(-): Validate & Falsify ideas, theory is hard to falsify

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Anchors

most acceptable position to the receiver on the topic

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Latitude of Acceptance

range of all positions that are agreeable to the individuals or audience on that topic

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Latitude of Noncommitment

range of all positions toward which individual or audience feels neutral

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Latitude of Rejection

range of all positions that are objectionable to an individual or audience

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Ego- Involvement

Importance of the issue to the receiver (As ego involvement increases, the latitude of rejection increases)

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Distortion Process: Assimilate

when something sounds similar we view it as the same

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Distortion Process: Contrast

When something is slightly different we see it as VERY different

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Critique of Social Judgement Theory

-Heurism (+) -Testability(+) -Utility(+) -Logical Consistency (-)

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