EDUC 111

child development - adolescent development

Child development

• The multidimensional and dynamic process encompassing physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral changes that occurs from infancy to adolescence.

• influenced by complex interplay of biological, environmental, genetic, and cultural factors

• refers to the process through which children grow, learn, and acquire various skills and abilities from birth through adolescence

5 Key Aspects of Child Development

1. Physical Development

2. Cognitive Development

3. Social Development

4. Emotional Development

5. Behavioral Development

Physical development

Changes in a child's body and physical abilities, including growth in height and weight and maturation of the sensory system.

Cognitive development

The development of a child's thinking, problem-solving, memory, language, and reasoning abilities, involving how they acquire knowledge, perceive the world, and understand concepts.

Social development

Focuses on a child's interactions and relationships with others, including the development of social skills, empathy, and self-awareness.

Emotional development

Involves the understanding and management of emotions, including the development of self-esteem, emotional regulation, and empathy.

Behavioral development

Refers to the acquisition of appropriate behaviors and self-control, involving the development of moral values, self-discipline, impulse control, and following rules and regulations.

Theorists on Biological Dimensions of Child Development

1. Maturationist Theory

2. Ethological Theory

3. Cognitive Development Theory

4. Sociobiological Theory

5. Biological-Environment Interactionist Theory

Maturationist Theory

Proposed by Arnold Gessel, this theory emphasizes the role of genetics and biological factors in child development, suggesting that biological factors play a primary role in driving developmental changes. Children naturally unfold and develop specific skills and behaviors according to their predetermined genetic timetable (genes).

Arnold Gesell

Developed the maturationist theory under biological dimensions of Child Development

Ethological Theory

Developed by Konrad Lorenz and expanded by others like Bowlby, this theory focuses on the biological basis of behavior and the influence of evolution on child development, suggesting that children are biologically predisposed to develop certain behaviors. Emphasizes the importance of critical periods and innate behaviors exhibited by children (influence by behavior).

Konrad Lorenz

developed a theory that focuses on the biological basis of behavior and influence of evolution on child development.

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Proposed by Jean Piaget, this theory acknowledges the role of biological factors and believes that biological maturation provides the foundation for cognitive development, enabling children to construct understanding through assimilation and accommodation.

According to this Cognitive Developmental Theory, children construct understanding through ____ & _____?

assimilation; accomodation

Sociobiological Theory

Influenced by evolutionary theory, this theory explores how biological factors shape social behavior and development, suggesting that certain behaviors and social interactions have evolved as adaptations.

Biological-Environment Interactionist Theory

This theory emphasizes the dynamic interaction between biological factors and environmental influences, recognizing that genetic predispositions interact with environmental experiences to shape development.

Current research on biological dimensions of child development

1. Brain development

2. genetics and epigenetics

3. gene-environment interactions

4. hormonal influences

5. neurodevelopmental disorders

6. early intervention & brain plasticity

Brain development

• The exploration of the processes of brain development in children

• Used neuroimaging (MRI & fMRI) to examine structural and functional changes that occur in brain

Neuroimaging

used to examine the structural and functional changes that occur in the brain during different stages of development

Genetics and Epigenetics

focus on identifying specifc genes associated with various developmental traits, behaviors, disorders

Epigenetics

examines how environmental factors can influence gene expression without altering the DNA sequence

Gene-Environmental Interaction

investigate how genes and environmental factors interact to shape child development and how genetic predispositions can either amplify or mitigate the effects of environmental experiences

Hormonal Influences

examine how hormones influence various aspects of development

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Understanding the biological underpinnings of neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD & ADHD); investigates potential blomarkers and early detection methods

Early Intervention and Brain Plasticity

explores the impact of early intervention programs on brain development and outcomes; study the long-term effects of early interventions on cognitive, social, and emotional developmental

Theories on Linguistic Dimensions of Child Developmental

1. Behaviorist Theory

2. Nativist Theory

3. Interactionist Theory

4. Social Interactionist Theory

5. Cognitive Theory

6. Connectionist Theory

Behaviorist Theory

associated with BF Skinner; language development is a result of environmental influences and conditioning. Children learn language through reinforcement and imitation

According to BF Skinner’s _____, children learn language through reinforcement & imitation of language

Behaviorist Theory

Nativist Theory

proposed by Noam Chomsky that children have innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables them to acquire language naturally. Argued that humans are biologically predisposed to learn language and emphasize the role of internal factors.

Noam Chomsky

This person believes that children have innate language acquisition device that enables them to acquire knowledge naturally

Interactionist Theory

combination of behaviorist and nativist theory; language result from interaction between innate capabilities and environmental influences. emphasizes the role of internal factors and innate capacity for language

Social Interactionist Theory

influenced by the work of Lev Vygotsky; importance of social interaction and children learn langauge through social exchanges and interactions with others

Cognitive Theory

Theory of Jean Piaget that focus on the cognitive processes underlying language acquisition; language development is tied to cognitive development

Connectionist Theory

language development occurs through the gradual strengthening and modification of connections between neural units. Emphasize the role of neural networks and computational processes

Current Research on Linguistic Dimensions of Child Development

1. Language Acquisition in Infancy

2. Bilingualism & Multilingualism

3. language development in atypical population

4. socioeconomic and cultural influences on language development

5. language processing and comprehension

6. language and literacy development

Language Acquistion in infancy

investigates early language acquisition in infancy (mechanism and processes) in language learning

Bilingualism and Multilingualism

explores the cognitive and linguistic advantages of bilingual and multilingual children. examines how children develop and manage multiple languages and impact of bilingualism on cognitive flexibility and executive functions

language development in atypical population

• examine the underlying linguistic and cognitive processes contributing to language difficulties in these populations (SLI/ASD/Dyslexia).

• explore early identification and intervention strategies to support language development in atypical populations

socioeconomic and cultural influences on language development

• investigates how socioeconomic status and cultural factors influence language development

• examine the language input children receive at home, impact of parental education and income on language skills, and the role of cultural practices and beliefs in shaping language development

language processing and comprehension

study how children comprehend and process language

language and literacy development

examine the relationship between language development and literacy skills. also explore effective interventions and instructional approaches to support language and literacy development in children

theories on cognitive dimension of child development

1. piaget’s theory of cognitive development

2. information processing theory

3. vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

4. core knowledge theory

5. neo-piagetian theories

6. dynamic systems theory

Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

proposes that children actively contructs their understanding of the world through assimilation and accommodation

4 stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor (0-2 yrs)

2. preoperational (2-7 yrs)

3. concrete operational (7-11 yrs)

4. formal operational (11+ yrs)

information processing theory

views mind as a computer-like system that processes information.

focuses on how children perceive, encode, store, and retrieve information

vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

emphasizes the role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development. suggests that children acquire cognitive skills through interactions with more knowledgeable individuals

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

introduced by vygotsky which represents the gap between a child’s current abilities and their potential abilities with appropriate guidance and support

Core Knowledge Theory

proposed by elizabeth spelke, posits that infacnts are born with innate cognitive systems that enable them to understand and acquire knowledge about specific domains

Neo-piagetian theories

• build upon paiget’s idea but incorporate newer insights and findings.

• it emphasizes individual differences in cognitive development and consider the role of both domain-general and domain-specific processes.

• recognize that cognitive development is not strictly tied to age but also depends on factors like experience, strategies, and specific domain being assessed

dynamic system theory

views cognition as a complex system influenced by multiple interacting factors. suggests that cognitive development emerges from the dynamic interactions and self-organization of various components within the system

research on cognitive dimension of child development

1. executive functioning

2. theory of mind

3. cognitive development in infancy

4. mathematical cognition

5. cognitive development in adolescence

6. cognitive development and technology

7. neural correlates of cognitive development

executive functioning

investigate executive functions (working memory, etc). examine how it relates to academic achievement

theory of mind

refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others; importance of the brain

cognitive development in infancy

examining early cognitive processes such as perception, attention, etc.; cognitive abilities of the mind

mathematical cognition

how children develop numerical and mathematical skills

cognitive development in adolescence

investigates cognitive changes and developments during adolescence (maturation)

cognitive development and technology

study the impact of digital media and technology on cognitive developmental

neural correlates of cognitive development

advances in neuroimaging techniques’ investigates brain regions and networks involved in different cognitive processes and ecamine how brain structure and function

theories on social and emotional dimensions of child development

1. attachment theory

2. social learning theory

3. psychosocial theory

4. social cognitive theory

5. socioemotional selectivity theory

6. social-relational theory

attachment theory

developed by John Bowlby'; highlights the importance of early emotional bonds between infants and their primary caregivers

social learning theory

proposed by albert bandura; emphasizes the role of observational learning and imitation in social and emotional regulation. Also considers the influence of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behaviour

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

highlights the importance of social interactions and the development of a sense of identity

Social Cognitive Theory

proposed by albert bandura; focuses on the cognitive processes in social and emotional development

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

proposed by Laura Carstensen; individuals prioritize and regulate emotions based on the perception of time horizon

social-relational theory

emphasize the significance of relationships and social interactions in child development.

Current research on social and emotional dimensions of child development

1. social and emotional development in early childhood

2. social relationships and peer interactions

3. social emotional learning interventions

4. emotional intelligence and emotional competence

5. social-emotional development in adolescence

6. mental health and resilience

7. cultural and contextual influence

social and emotional development in early childhood

investigates development of social and emotional skills and its factors

social relationships and peer interactions

how children form and maintain friendships and the impact of peer relationships on social and emotional development

social-emotional learning interventions

promotes social and emotional skills in children

emotional intelligence and emotional competence

emotional competence and social functioning

social-emotional development in adolescence

development of identity, self-esteem and explore the influence of peer relationships

mental health and resillience

investigate interventions and strategies to promote resilience and positive mental health outcomes in children

cultural and contextual influences

explore how cultural norms and values shape children’s socialization, emotional expressions, etc.

Childhood development refers to the process through which children grow, learn, and acquire various skills and abilities from birth through _____.

Adolescence

According to piaget, cognitive development is based on the process of ____ and ____.

assimilation;accommodation

social development focuses on a child’s interactions and relationships with ____

others

Maturationist theory

theory that emphasizes the role of genetics and biological factors in child development

ethological theory suggests that children are biologically predisposed to develop certain behaviors and attachments that enhance their _____.

social development

sociobiological theory explores how biological factors shape _____

social behavior

The diathesis-stress model suggests that genetic vulnerabilities may interact with ____ to affect a child’s development

environmental stressors

brain development in children can be examined using technique such as ____

MRI and fMRI

Genetic research focuses on identifying specific genes associated with various ____

behaviors and disorders

epigenetics examines how environmental factors can influence gene expression without altering the ____

genetic material

gene-environment interaction studies aim to uncover the complex interplay between ___ and environmental influences

genetic material

the role of hormones in child development is an area of research that explores how hormones influence _____

physical growth

neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD and ADHD are the focus of research on the biological underpinnnings of _____

cognitive development

early intervention programs aim to shape neural connections, promote brain plasticity and potentially mitigate the effects of ____.

adverse childhood experiences

behaviorist theory suggests that language development is primarily a result of ?

reinforcement and conditioning

nativist theory posits that children have an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables them to acquire language?

naturally

the interactionist theory suggests that language development results from the interaction between ____ and environmental influences

innate capabilities

social interactionist theory emphasizes the importance of ____ in language development

social interactions

cognitive theories of language development suggests that language development is closely tied to ?

cognitive development

connectionist theories propose that language development occurs through the gradual strengthening and modification of connections between?

neural units

bilingualism research explores the cognitive and linguistic advantages of ?

multilingualism

language comprehension research investigates how children understand

figurative language

the relationship between language development and literacy skills is an area of research that explores how language skills impact?

cognitive development

theory of mind refers to the ability tounderstand and attribute ___ to oneself and others

intentions

social learning theory suggests that children acquire social behaviors and emotional responses through ___ and ____

observation;imitation

erikson’s psychosocial theory identifies different ___ stages, each associated with a unique developmental challenge

social

social cognitive theory emphasizes the role of ____, beliefs, and cognitive processes in shaping social behaviors and emotional responses

self-efficacy