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Achaemenid Dynasty
The ruling dynasty of the Persian Empire founded by Cyrus the Great.
Asher
An important Assyrian king known for his military campaigns and expansion of the empire.
Bronze Age Collapse
A period of widespread societal collapse and upheaval that marked the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean region.
Cyrus the Great
The founder of the Persian Empire, known for his military prowess and tolerant rule.
Darius the Great
A powerful Persian king who consolidated and expanded the empire, known for his administrative reforms and building projects.
Delian League
A naval alliance led by Athens, formed for mutual protection against the Persian Empire.
Democracy
A system of government where supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives.
Hattushali
The founder of the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).
Hellenism
The spread of Greek culture, language, and ideas throughout the ancient world, particularly following the conquests of Alexander the Great.
Hoplite
A heavily armed foot soldier who formed the backbone of ancient Greek armies.
Kouros
A type of archaic Greek statue depicting a nude male youth, often used as a votive offering or grave marker.
Mycenaean Age
The period of Greek history dominated by the Mycenaean civilization, known for its palace-based society and warrior culture.
Nebuchadnezzar II
A powerful Neo-Babylonian king known for his conquests, building projects, and the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.
Oligarchy
A system of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elite individuals.
Zoroastrianism
A monotheistic religion founded by Zoroaster that emphasizes the dualism of good and evil and the importance of moral choices.
Greek Dark Ages
A period of decline and societal upheaval that followed the Bronze Age collapse, setting the stage for new political and social structures in ancient Greece.
Peloponnesian War
A conflict between Athens and Sparta that was influenced by Athenian power growth, the Delian League, and trade embargoes.
Phalanx
A tightly packed formation of hoplites that provided a formidable defensive and offensive force in Greek military strategy.
Hoplite and Phalanx
The hoplite, a heavily armed foot soldier, and the phalanx, a tightly packed formation, were central to Greek military strategy.
Alexander the Great
A historical figure known for his conquests that spread Greek culture throughout his vast empire.
Plague in Athens
An epidemic that significantly weakened both sides during the Peloponnesian War, causing widespread death and social disruption.
Spartan and Athenian Governance
Sparta valued discipline and militarism, while Athens prized intellectual pursuits and democratic ideals, leading to rivalry.
Jeremy's Concept of Purpose
Jeremy connected finding true purpose with studying ancient history by emphasizing living meaningfully and leaving a positive legacy.
Parthenon
A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, considered a masterpiece of ancient Greek architecture.
Shalmaneser IV
An Assyrian king known for his conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel and the deportation of its inhabitants.
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Prominent Greek philosophers whose ideas and teachings profoundly influenced Western thought.
Zoroaster
The founder of Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion that emphasized the dualism of good and evil and the importance of moral choices.
Aeschylus
The first Greek tragedian, known for his trilogy Oresteia.
Agora
A central public space in ancient Greek city-states.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher, student of Plato, known for his works on logic, ethics, and metaphysics.
Atom
An indivisible particle, a concept originating in ancient Greek philosophy.
Comedy
A genre of drama characterized by humor and satire.
Democritus
A Greek philosopher who developed the atomic theory.
Dualism
The belief in the existence of two separate realms, such as the physical and spiritual.
Empiricism
The theory that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.
Euripides
A Greek tragedian known for his complex and realistic plays.
Golden Mean
Aristotle's concept of virtue as a balance between two extremes.
Hedonism
The belief that pleasure is the ultimate good.
Herodotus
Considered the 'Father of History,' known for his work The Histories.
Hypocrite
Originally referring to Greek actors wearing masks; now, someone who pretends to have qualities or beliefs they do not possess.
Materialism
The belief that only matter exists, and all phenomena are explained by physical processes.
Mechanism
The belief that the universe operates like a machine, governed by physical laws.
Naturalism
The belief that everything can be explained by natural laws and processes.
Parmenides
A pre-Socratic philosopher who argued for the unity and immutability of being.
Plato
A prominent Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his theory of Forms.
Polycletus
A Greek sculptor and author of a guidebook on sculpting.
Pre-Socratics
Philosophers who predated Socrates, concerned with the nature of reality.
Pythagoras
A Greek philosopher and mathematician, known for the Pythagorean theorem.
Relativism
The belief that truth and morality are relative to individuals or cultures.
Socrates
A foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for his emphasis on self-examination and the pursuit of virtue.
Sophist
A group of ancient Greek teachers who specialized in rhetoric and argumentation.
Sophocles
A Greek tragedian, known for his play Oedipus Rex.
Thales of Miletus
A pre-Socratic philosopher who believed water was the fundamental element.
Thucydides
A Greek historian, known for his factual account of the Peloponnesian War.
Tragedy
A genre of drama characterized by serious themes and often ending in catastrophe.
Trilogy
A group of three related plays, often performed together in ancient Greek theater.