Wisdom of the ancient world final exam review

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56 Terms

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Achaemenid Dynasty

The ruling dynasty of the Persian Empire founded by Cyrus the Great.

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Asher

An important Assyrian king known for his military campaigns and expansion of the empire.

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Bronze Age Collapse

A period of widespread societal collapse and upheaval that marked the end of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

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Cyrus the Great

The founder of the Persian Empire, known for his military prowess and tolerant rule.

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Darius the Great

A powerful Persian king who consolidated and expanded the empire, known for his administrative reforms and building projects.

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Delian League

A naval alliance led by Athens, formed for mutual protection against the Persian Empire.

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Democracy

A system of government where supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through elected representatives.

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Hattushali

The founder of the Hittite kingdom in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey).

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Hellenism

The spread of Greek culture, language, and ideas throughout the ancient world, particularly following the conquests of Alexander the Great.

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Hoplite

A heavily armed foot soldier who formed the backbone of ancient Greek armies.

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Kouros

A type of archaic Greek statue depicting a nude male youth, often used as a votive offering or grave marker.

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Mycenaean Age

The period of Greek history dominated by the Mycenaean civilization, known for its palace-based society and warrior culture.

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Nebuchadnezzar II

A powerful Neo-Babylonian king known for his conquests, building projects, and the destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem.

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Oligarchy

A system of government where power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of elite individuals.

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Zoroastrianism

A monotheistic religion founded by Zoroaster that emphasizes the dualism of good and evil and the importance of moral choices.

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Greek Dark Ages

A period of decline and societal upheaval that followed the Bronze Age collapse, setting the stage for new political and social structures in ancient Greece.

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Peloponnesian War

A conflict between Athens and Sparta that was influenced by Athenian power growth, the Delian League, and trade embargoes.

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Phalanx

A tightly packed formation of hoplites that provided a formidable defensive and offensive force in Greek military strategy.

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Hoplite and Phalanx

The hoplite, a heavily armed foot soldier, and the phalanx, a tightly packed formation, were central to Greek military strategy.

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Alexander the Great

A historical figure known for his conquests that spread Greek culture throughout his vast empire.

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Plague in Athens

An epidemic that significantly weakened both sides during the Peloponnesian War, causing widespread death and social disruption.

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Spartan and Athenian Governance

Sparta valued discipline and militarism, while Athens prized intellectual pursuits and democratic ideals, leading to rivalry.

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Jeremy's Concept of Purpose

Jeremy connected finding true purpose with studying ancient history by emphasizing living meaningfully and leaving a positive legacy.

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Parthenon

A temple dedicated to the goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, considered a masterpiece of ancient Greek architecture.

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Shalmaneser IV

An Assyrian king known for his conquest of the northern kingdom of Israel and the deportation of its inhabitants.

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Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Prominent Greek philosophers whose ideas and teachings profoundly influenced Western thought.

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Zoroaster

The founder of Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion that emphasized the dualism of good and evil and the importance of moral choices.

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Aeschylus

The first Greek tragedian, known for his trilogy Oresteia.

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Agora

A central public space in ancient Greek city-states.

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Aristotle

Greek philosopher, student of Plato, known for his works on logic, ethics, and metaphysics.

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Atom

An indivisible particle, a concept originating in ancient Greek philosophy.

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Comedy

A genre of drama characterized by humor and satire.

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Democritus

A Greek philosopher who developed the atomic theory.

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Dualism

The belief in the existence of two separate realms, such as the physical and spiritual.

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Empiricism

The theory that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.

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Euripides

A Greek tragedian known for his complex and realistic plays.

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Golden Mean

Aristotle's concept of virtue as a balance between two extremes.

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Hedonism

The belief that pleasure is the ultimate good.

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Herodotus

Considered the 'Father of History,' known for his work The Histories.

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Hypocrite

Originally referring to Greek actors wearing masks; now, someone who pretends to have qualities or beliefs they do not possess.

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Materialism

The belief that only matter exists, and all phenomena are explained by physical processes.

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Mechanism

The belief that the universe operates like a machine, governed by physical laws.

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Naturalism

The belief that everything can be explained by natural laws and processes.

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Parmenides

A pre-Socratic philosopher who argued for the unity and immutability of being.

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Plato

A prominent Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his theory of Forms.

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Polycletus

A Greek sculptor and author of a guidebook on sculpting.

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Pre-Socratics

Philosophers who predated Socrates, concerned with the nature of reality.

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Pythagoras

A Greek philosopher and mathematician, known for the Pythagorean theorem.

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Relativism

The belief that truth and morality are relative to individuals or cultures.

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Socrates

A foundational figure in Western philosophy, known for his emphasis on self-examination and the pursuit of virtue.

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Sophist

A group of ancient Greek teachers who specialized in rhetoric and argumentation.

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Sophocles

A Greek tragedian, known for his play Oedipus Rex.

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Thales of Miletus

A pre-Socratic philosopher who believed water was the fundamental element.

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Thucydides

A Greek historian, known for his factual account of the Peloponnesian War.

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Tragedy

A genre of drama characterized by serious themes and often ending in catastrophe.

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Trilogy

A group of three related plays, often performed together in ancient Greek theater.