Pathophysiology: Alterations in Immune System

self

non-self

the immune system distinguishes from ___ and ___

self

___ cells cause no immune response

non-self

___ cells cause an immune response

Macrophages

pathogens are engulfed by ___ and "presented" to the immune system

cytokines

___ are released and "kick off" the immune system

B cells and T cells

what 2 things does Helper T cells stimulate?

-antibodies

-memory B cells

B cells release what 2 things?

-killer T cells

-memory T cells

T cells stimulate what 2 things?

-defends

-detects

-destroys

what are the 3 functions of the immune system?

Recognizes, Remembers, Reacts

what are 3 characteristics of the immune system?

lymphoid organs

___ consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

anterior

the thymus is located in the ___ chest

Area in which the t-lymphocytes mature

what is the function of the thymus

birth

adulthood

the thymus is mature at ___ and begins to degenerate in ___

thymus selection

___ is something that only allows T cells that are able to detect antigens are allowed to mature (versus those who may detect self and attach self)

antigens

thymus selection is something that only allows T cells that are able to detect ___ are allowed to mature (versus those who may detect self and attach self)

lymph nodes

___ are small collections of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body

axilla, groin, neck, thorax, and abdomen

where are lymph nodes located?

1. remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream

2. serves as a hub for reproduction of immune cells

what are the 2 functions of lymph nodes?

left abdominal

the spleen is located in the ___ cavity

1. filters antigens from the blood

2. site of RBC destruction

what are the 2 functions of the spleen

b lymphocytes

blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by ___

T cells

blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by ___ for any antigens

B cells (memory type)

antibodies

blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any "suspicious" invaders are spotted, ___ are activated and will activate ___ in order to destroy the invader

-macrophages

-RBC

blood vessels of the spleen are surrounded by b lymphocytes; as the blood flows through the spleen it is monitored by T cells for any antigens- if any "suspicious" invaders are spotted, B cells (memory type) are activated and will activate antibodies in order to destroy the invader. in addition, blood vessels of the spleen are lined with ___ that swallow and digest debris in the blood such as destroyed ___

lymphoid tissue

___ contains immune cells standing guard

-neutrophils

-eosinophils

-basophils

-monocytes / macrophages

what are the 4 leukocytes in WBC's

55-70%

neutrophils consist of ___% of WBC count

-1st responder

-phagocytic

-bacterial

what are 3 characteristics of neutrophils?

Bands

___ are immature neutrophils

bacterial

you might see an increase in the number of immature neutrophils during a ___ invasion

1-4%

eosinophils consist of ___% of WBC count

GI and respiratory tract

eosinophils are mainly found where?

parasitic and allergic

eosinophils increase in number with ___ and ___ reactions

GI

parasites enter the ___ tract mainly

inflammatory and allergic/ hypersensitivity

Basophils increase in number with ___ and ___ responses

0.5-1%

basophils consist of ___% of WBC count

histamine

basophils release ___ from mast cells

mast cells

basophils release histamine from ___

2-8%

monocytes/ macrophages consist of ___% of WBC count

macrophages

monocytes mature into ___; after maturing, the macrophage travels and then resides in different tissues of the body

differentiates

when the macrophage takes up residence in a particular tissue, the macrophage ___ into tissue that is specific to the resident host

-kupffer cells in the liver

-alveolar macrophages in the lungs

-microglia in the brain

what are 3 examples of macrophages that have differentiated into the tissue that they reside

phagocytic leukocytes

macrophages are big ___; "big eaters"

pathogen

macrophages engulf the ___, chew it up, process it, and spit it out

presenter cells

macrophages are known as ___ because they inform Helper T cells and activate cytokines

-Helper T cells

-Cytokines

macrophages are known as "presenter cells" because they inform ___ and activate ___

macrophages

___ like to hangout for a while once they have arrived

chronic/ long term

macrophages are see with ___ infections

brain, liver, and alveoli

we have macrophages in what 3 places that reside in the body

immune system

macrophages are called presenter cells because they present a pathogen to the ___

macrophages

what leukocyte comes after neutrophils?

-B lymphocyte

-T lymphocyte

-Natural killer cells

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and blood

where are natural killer cells found?

tumor cells (cancer) and virus infected cells

what does natural killer cells kill?

natural killer cells

___ are programmed to KILL- does not need to recognize the pathogen

dendritic cells

___ serve as "go between" for innate and adaptive immune systems

antigens

dedritic cells circulate as immature cells and are activated when they come in contact with an ___

dedritic cells

___ circulate as immature cells and are activated when they come in contact with an antigens

-presenter cells along with macrophages

-they initiate the lymphocytes of adaptive immunity

what are the 2 functions of dendritic cells?

communicator, messenger, and presenter

dendritic cells are known as the ___, ___, and ___ cell

cytokines

___ are proteins produced during ALL types of immune responses

-regulate host reactions

-leukocyte behavior (movement, proliferation, and differentiation)

what are 2 functions of cytokines

"messages"

cytokines play a role in regulating "___" necessary for the integrated and coordinated function of the complex immune reponse

complex immune reponse

cytokines play a role in regulating "messages" necessary for the integrated and coordinated function of the ___

predicting

cytokines play a role in ___ immune reponse

1. interleukins (IL)

2. interferons (INF)

3. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

4. growth factors

what are the 4 main groups of cytokines?

Interleukins

___ are "between WBC"

acute inflammation and immune response

Interleukins have an extensive role in ___ and ___

interferons

___ "inter"feres with viral replication

NK cells

interferons activate ___ cells

neutrophils and endothelial cells

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) activates ___ and ___

acute inflammatory

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) induces ___ response

apoptosis

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) kills through ___

plasma cells

Growth factor stimulates production of ___

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

___ is proteins on the surface of plasma membranes of cells that identify the self; provide recognition on all self molecules

self and non self (pathogens)

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) assist in helping the immune system recognize __ and __

nothing happens

what happens when the immune system recognizes self cells?

immune response occurs

what happens when the immune system recognizes non-self cells?

-tissues

-RBC's

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) are markers found on ALL ___ except ___

the immune system would attack itself (autoimmune disease) also known as major histocompatibility

what would happen if the mechanism of self recognition fails?

antigens

___ is anything that is foreign, generating an immune response

Antigenic determinant site

___ is the area on an antigen that provokes an immune response

Haptens

___ are substances (small molecules) that are not capable of eliciting an antigenic response; therefore they are linked to proteins in order to function as antigens

proteins

Haptens are substances (small molecules) that are not capable of eliciting an antigenic response; therefore they are linked to ___ in order to function as antigens

presented

antigens are identified by a complex system and then "___" to the immune system

bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi

what are some examples of microbial agents?

pollen, pet dander, medicines, foods, organ transplants

what are some examples of non-microbial agents?

antigenic determinants

A region on the surface of an antigen molecule to which an antibody binds.

complete carriers

Haptens attach to large molecules called carriers and once combined they are known as ___

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

what is a key factor in order to be able to do organ transplant? this pattern needs to be very similar.

"complements"

the complement system "___" the immune response

the complement system

___ is proteins in the circulatory system that are activated in an immune reponse

microorganism

the complement system plays a role in recognizing ___ and is then activated

activation and response

___ and ___ of the complement system should always occur in a predictable sequence (pathway)

opsonization

the complement system coats the cell membrane (called ___) of an antigen to make it easier for macrophages to engulf

neutrophil

the complement system trigger ___ invasion to site

inflammatory mediators

the complement system stimulates release of ___

membrane attack complex

the complement system triggers ___ which is the lysis/ destruction of an antigen

innate, adaptive, and passive

what are the 3 main types of immunity?