Final grrrr

What two political parties emerged in the early 1790s?

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

What issue divided the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?

Alexander Hamilton’s financial program and the proper role of the federal government.

What did Federalists believe?

They supported a strong federal government that could stabilize the economy.

What did Democratic-Republicans believe?

They opposed an expanded federal government and believed Hamilton’s program gave it too much power.

How did Federalists and Democratic-Republicans differ on the French Revolution?

Federalists feared its violence and radicalism, while Democratic-Republicans viewed it more positively.

What did Jay’s Treaty accomplish?

It improved U.S. relations with Great Britain.

What did Pinckney’s Treaty accomplish?

It improved relations with Spain and opened New Orleans to American trade.

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

A protest by western Pennsylvania distillers against a federal whiskey tax that Washington’s forces put down.

What did most White Americans agree on despite political divisions?

They supported removing Native Americans from the frontier.

What divided Federalists and Democratic-Republicans?

Their opposing views on the role and power of the federal government.

What happened during the Quasi-War with France?

Adams and the Federalists used the conflict to expand federal power.

Why was the election of 1800 important?

Thomas Jefferson won and began a Democratic-Republican administration.

What was a major success of Jefferson’s presidency?

The Louisiana Purchase (1803), which expanded U.S. territory and supported his vision of an agrarian republic.

Why did the War of 1812 begin?

Britain impressed American sailors and supported Native American enemies while fighting France.

What happened to U.S. boundaries after the War of 1812?

They remained unchanged.

What happened to Native peoples in the Western Confederacy?

They suffered a major defeat, including the loss of Tecumseh and contested lands in the Northwest.

Why was the War of 1812 important?

It created a surge of American national pride and strengthened the United States’ independence from Britain.

What did the War of 1812 allow the U.S. to focus on?

Expansion westward.

How did industrialization change American life?

It created new industrial towns and factories, especially in the Northeast.

What opportunity did factories provide young women?

They gave women greater independence and freedom through paid work.

How did industrial workers’ attitudes change?

Workers began to recognize the value of their labor and question the fairness of the industrial system.

What was the major result of industrialization?

It fundamentally reorganized the world of work.

What was happening with land in the early 1800s?

Americans rushed west to buy public land, leading to land speculation.

What caused the Panic of 1819?

Risky bank loans, land speculation, and unstable paper money.

What was significant about the Panic of 1819?

It caused the first economic depression in U.S. history.

What happened to the economy after the depression?

the economy recovered in the 1820s and experienced strong growth.

What characterized the Age of Entrepreneurship?

People invested in land, businesses, and technology, while inventors created innovations that transformed American life.

What happened to transportation infrastructure in the 1800s?

Roads, turnpikes, canals, and railroads were rapidly built.

How did the transportation revolution affect travel?

It greatly reduced travel time and made it easier to travel long distances.

How did improved transportation affect the economy?

It allowed agricultural and manufactured goods to be shipped throughout the country.

How did transportation improvements affect rural people?

They made it easier for rural people to travel to towns and cities for jobs.

What social classes developed in the North?

A wealthy elite, a growing middle class, and a working class.

How did the wealthy elite differ from the middle class?

The elite lived and socialized separately from the middle class and had generally inherited their wealth.

What did the middle class value?

Work, consumption, and education, while trying to maintain or improve their social status.

What was life like for wage workers?

They formed their own communities, but low wages and long hours made it difficult to enjoy their earnings, educate their children, or move up economically.

What major political change occurred in the early 1800s?

The age of deference gave way to universal manhood suffrage and stronger political parties.

Who competed in the election of 1824?

Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams, both Democratic-Republicans.

Why did Jackson’s supporters call the 1824 election a “corrupt bargain”?

Adams won through political negotiations in the House of Representatives.

Why did the Tariff of 1828 anger the South?

Southerners believed it favored northeastern manufacturers and feared the federal government might eventually threaten slavery.

How did the “corrupt bargain” affect the 1828 election?

Jackson used it to attack Washington’s political cronyism and help defeat Adams and Clay.

How was Andrew Jackson presented to voters?

As a “man of the people” fighting against the elitism of Clay and Adams.

What did Jackson’s victory lead to?

The rise of a new political party: the Democrats.

What did Jackson promise to do as president?

Remove corruption from Washington.

How did Jackson actually treat his supporters?

He rewarded loyal supporters with government jobs, continuing the cycle of favoritism and corruption

What did Andrew Jackson’s election in 1832 signal?

The rise of the Democratic Party and a new style of American politics.

How did Jackson gain political support?

He understood and used the views of the majority to his advantage.

What major political issues did Jackson deal with?

The Nullification Crisis and the Second Bank of the United States

What did Jackson’s actions lead to?

His opponents formed a new political party called the Whigs.

The Nullification Crisis of 1832

when South Carolina declared federal protective tariffs unconstitutional and void within its borders, threatening to leave the Union.

How did popular culture during the Age of Jackson view Native Americans?

it often portrayed Native peoples as “savage,” which influenced U.S. policies.

What policy reflected this anti-Native sentiment?

The Indian Removal Act of 1830.

What happened to the Five Civilized Tribes?

They were forcibly removed from the Southeast by the U.S. military.

Did the Supreme Court’s ruling protecting the Cherokee stop their removal?

No. The Cherokee were still forcibly removed despite the Supreme Court’s ruling.

What did American culture in the 1830s reflect?

The rise of democracy and the growing power of the majority

What did Alexis de Tocqueville call the power of the majority?

The “tyranny of the majority.”

How did Whigs and Democrats appeal to voters?

They presented candidates and policies that catered to the will of the majority.

What was the significance of the 1840 “log cabin campaign”?

Both parties used new democratic campaign strategies, helping create a more uninhibited and popular style of politics

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

To explore and map the Louisiana Territory and find an all-water route from the Missouri River to the Pacific.

How did the Louisiana Purchase and Lewis and Clark expedition affect Americans?

They encouraged Americans to settle and economically develop western lands and expand U.S. influence.

What did the Adams-Onís Treaty accomplish?

It legally secured Florida for the United States.

What problem remained in Florida after the Adams-Onís Treaty?

The Seminoles continued resisting American expansion.

Why did some Americans try to take Texas by force?

They believed Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase and wanted it under U.S. control.

What did the Missouri Crisis create?

A major division over slavery that increased tensions between the North and South.

What caused the Missouri Crisis?

Missouri’s request to join the Union as a slave state in 1819, which threatened the balance between free and slave states.

How did the debate over Missouri change?

It expanded from representation in Congress to questions about the morality of slavery and even the possibility of disunion and civil war.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

Maine entered as a free state and Missouri as a slave state, while slavery was banned north of a designated line in the remaining Louisiana Territory.

How did Americans acquire Texas differently from the Louisiana Territory?

Americans in Texas used violence against Mexico, rather than diplomacy.

Why did slaveholders support the acquisition of Texas?

They saw Texas as an opportunity to expand an American empire where slavery could continue.

Why did the United States refuse to admit Texas in 1836?

The Missouri Crisis had increased fears about adding another slave state and upsetting the balance between free and slave states.

What happened after the United States refused Texas?

Texas became an independent republic where slavery was legal

What did tensions between Texas and Mexico suggest?

They hinted at future conflict over Texas and American expansion.

What was significant about James K. Polk’s presidency?

It was a period of intense U.S. expansion

What did Polk accomplish regarding Oregon?

He negotiated a peaceful agreement with Great Britain that gave the U.S. the land that became Washington and Oregon.

What was the Mexican Cession?

Land acquired from Mexico that added nearly half of Mexico’s territoryto the United States, including New Mexico and California

What did the Mexican Cession establish?

The Rio Grande as the U.S.-Mexico border.

What were major effects of the California Gold Rush?

It rapidly increased California’s population, increased concerns about Chinese immigration, and caused a massive loss of Native American life.

Why did the Mexican Cession reignite debates over slavery?

Americans disagreed over whether slavery should be allowed in the new territories.

What political effect did the slavery debate have?

It divided the Democratic Party, with many northern Democrats leaving to form the Free-Soil Party.

What did the Compromise of 1850 attempt to do?

It resolved the question of whether slavery would be allowed in the new territories.

Did the Compromise of 1850 permanently settle the slavery debate?

No. It pleased no one, and the peace it created was short-lived.

What did the South produce most of before the Civil War?

The bulk of the world’s cotton.

Where was cotton production centered?

In the Mississippi River Valley slave states.

How did cotton production change the Southern landscape?

Pinewoods and swamps were transformed into cotton fields.

Why was slavery important to the cotton industry?

Enslaved labor produced the cotton that fueled profits in Northern cotton mills

What happened to the domestic slave trade after the international slave trade was outlawed in 1808?

It expanded rapidly, increasing profits for White traders and causing many enslaved people to be separated from their families.

How did the market revolution affect the South?

It transformed the South by making it dependent on markets for food, manufactured goods, and loans, just as it transformed other regions.

Who benefited financially from slavery in the antebellum South?

Plantation owners gained great wealth from enslaved labor.

What was life like for enslaved people?

They endured daily trauma and were treated as human property.

How did enslaved people respond to slavery?

They resisted in various ways and found support through Christianity and communities in the slave quarters.

What was the experience of free Black people in the South?

Some became economically successful and even slaveholders, but most still faced racism and restrictions based on White supremacy.

How did slavery affect White southerners, even those who did not own slaves?

Slavery shaped Southern society and helped unite White people across class differences.

What did Southern culture consider the highest good?

Men’s honor, based on dominating others and protecting Southern White womanhood.

How did slavery reduce class tensions among White southerners?

It united them around race, despite differences in wealth.

What were some common defenses of slavery?

Calhoun’s “concurrent majority” idea, the claim that enslaved people were better off than Northern wage workers, and racist ideas such as polygenism.

What was happening in the 1850s regarding the expansion of slavery?

Americans pursued plans to expand slavery into new territories and countries.

What did the Ostend Manifesto propose?

That the United States should forcefully seize Cuba if Spain refused to sell it.

What were filibuster expeditions?

Private military expeditions that attempted to annex new slave states without government approval.

What motivated supporters of expanding slavery?

They believed expansion represented White racial superiority.

How did Evangelical Protestantism affect American culture in the antebellum era?

It encouraged the belief that people could change themselves and society for the better.

What did Charles G. Finney encourage people to do?

Take responsibility for their own salvation.