C. 8. Psychopathology Personality Tests

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II (MMPI-2)

The most widely used and extensive objective personality assessment tool. It is a power test that provides a standardized, objective, and broad measure of an individual's personality structure and symptoms of psychopathology

18+ y/o

Target population of the MMPI-2

Psychopathology Diagnosis

Treatment Planning and Monitoring

Forensic Evaluation

High-Risk Personnel Screening

Purposes of the MMPI-2

10

How many clinical scales in the MMPI-2?

1: Hypochondriasis (Hs)

2: Depression (D)

3: Hysteria (Hy)

4: Psychopathic Deviation (Pd)

5: Masculinity/Femininity (Mf)

6: Paranoia (Pa)

7: Psychasthenia (Pt)

8: Schizophrenia (Sc)

9: Hypomania (Ma)

10: Social Introversion (Si)

Domains of the MMPI-2

Cannot Say Scale (?) - Items left blank or answered both true and false

Lie Scale (L) - “Faking Good”

Infrequency Scale (F) - “Faking bad”

Correction Scale (K) - “Defensiveness indicator”

Validity Scales of the MMPI-2

Consistency Scales

Scales in the MMPI-2 that are called “gatekeepers” as they try to evaluate if the test taker actually read the items or simply guessed the answer

Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)

True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)

Consistency Scales of the MMPI-2

Variable Response Inconsistency (VRIN)

Consistency scale of the MMPI-2 that measures random responding. A high value in this scales means the responding is careless, making the test invalid

True Response Inconsistency (TRIN)

Consistency scale of the MMPI-2 that measures fixed responding or the tendency of a person to have one answer for the test. A high value on this scale could indicate Acquiescence (Yes-saying) or Non-acquiescence (No-saying)

Advanced Faking Bad & Exaggeration Measures of the MMPI-2

Advanced Validity Scales of the MMPI-2 used for specific structural scenarios like forensic settings or insurance claims

Back Infrequency Scale (Fb)

Advanced Faking Bad & Exaggeration measure that detects random responding, fatigue, confusion, or loss of concentration in the middle of the test

Infrequency Pathology Scale (Fp)

Advanced Faking Bad & Exaggeration measure that detects malingering. Even true psychiatric patients don’t answer this scale

Faking Bad Scale/Symptom Validity Scale (FBS)

Advanced Faking Bad & Exaggeration that measures over-exaggeration of physical, somatic, or cognitive symptoms

Advanced Faking Good & Defensiveness Measures

Advanced validity scale of the MMPI-2 that evaluates deliberate or unconscious underreporting of psychological and emotional difficulties

Superlative Self-Presentation Scale (S)

Advanced Faking Good & Defensiveness Measure used in settings where there is a high motivation to hide flaws, minimize psychological problems, and fake being exceptionally virtuous, moral, or well-adjusted

50

Mean of MMPI-2 & MMPI-3

65+

A t-score of what in the MMPI-2 & MMPI-3 is considered clinically significant?

MMPI-1 (1943)

Original version of the MMPI with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 70. It uses empirical criterion keying and has cultural bias towards Minnesota normals

MMPI-A

MMPI version for adolescents aged 14 to 18 with subscales for alienation and school problems

MMPI-2-RF

Streamlined version of the MMPI-2 that uses factor analysis. It has a demoralization factor that makes the test less psychometrically sound

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory III (MMPI-3)

A power test and updated version of the MMPI-2 used in assessing major and modern psychological disorders such as eating concerns, compulsivity, and internet addiction impairment. It features modern norms, updated items, and a restructured scale framework

Hierarchical Diagnostics

Decontamination of Scores

Maximized Construct Validity

Purposes of the MMPI-3

Higher-Order (HO) Scales (The Macro View)

The Restructured Clinical Scales (The Specific Clinical View)

Domains in the MMPI-3

Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EID)

Thought Dysfunction (THD)

Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD)

The Higher-Order (H-O) Scales (The Macro View)

Rcd (Demoralization)

RC1 (Somatic Complaints)

RC2 (Low Positive Emotions)

RC3 (Cynicism)

RC4 (Antisocial Behaviors)

RC6 (Ideas of Persecution)

RC7 (Dysfunctional Negative Emotions)

RC8 (Abberant Experiences)

RC9 (Hypomanic Activation)

(No RC0 or RC5)

The Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales (The Specific Clinical View)

Combined Response Inconsistency (CRIN)

New Validity Scale in the MMPI-3 that combines VRIN & TRIN

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 3rd Edition (MCMI-III)

A power test and objective personality inventory used to assist in the assessment and diagnosis of personality disorders as outlined in the DSM-IV. It is based on Millon’s Evolutionary Theory of Personality

Assessment of Personality Disorders

Clinical Therapy Planning

Forensic Evaluations

Purposes of the MCMI-III

75+ & 85+

What is the Base Rate (BR) score for significant elevation and prominent presentation in MCMI-III?

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory 4th Edition (MCMI-IV)

A power test and modern clinical personality assessment instrument used to assist in the diagnosis of personality disorders and clinical syndromes as outlined in the DSM-V. It is based on Millon’s Evolutionary Theory of Personality

Advanced Personality Disorder Mapping

DSM-5 Integration

Therapeutic Treatment Alignment

Forensic Verification

Purposes of the MCMI-IV

18 years and older who are undergoing psychological or psychiatric assessment or treatment

Target population of MCMI-III & MCMI-IV

60, 75, & 85 (Lower than 60 is not interpreted)j

What base rate score is the median, significant elevation, and prominent in MCMI-IV?

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

A power test and objective personality inventory designed to give a comprehensive self-report assessment to provide information relevant to clinical diagnosis, treatment planning, and screening for psychopathology in adults.

Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)

In this personality test, there is a total absence of item overlap which indicates extremely high discriminant validity

Clinical Diagnosis Exploration

Treatment Planning and Prognosis

Forensic and Legal Evaluations

Institutional Screening

Purposes of the PAI

Clinical Scales (11 Scales)

Treatment Consideration Scales (5 Scales)

2 Scales of the PAI

50 & 70

What t-score is the mean and what t-score indicates clinical significance respectively in the PAI?

18+ y/o, clinical or non-clinical populations

Target population of the MMPI-2, MMPI-3, & PAI