ESS SL IB Review

ecocentric, anthropocentric, technocentric

name the three EVS types and what they believe

• open (energy and matter in and out), closed (only energy), isolated

what are the three types of systems and describe them

the amount of disorder in a system

define entropy

energy is never destroyed, it only changes forms

define the 1st law of thermodynamics

entropy increases over time

define the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Negative Feedback Loop: predator/prey, body temp

Positive Feedback Loop: permafrost, forest fires

describe the two types of feedback systems. give two examples of each.

strengths: predictions, preparation, consider all the factors

weaknesses: no standard EIA rubric, predictions, sometimes miss a factor

what are EIAs? what are their strengths/weaknesses?

point and non-point source pollution (oil leak in the ocean from a factory; plastic pollution in the ocean)

what are the two main types of pollution? define. examples?

primary/secondary pollutants (oil in the ocean, chlorine in the atmosphere- breaks down O3 in ozone layer)

what are the two main types of pollutants? define. examples?

persistent organic pollutants; long term chemical pollutants (DDT)

what are POPs? how are they harmful. example?

habitat. fundamental and realized niche.

what is a niche? what are the two types? define.

between different/same species

define interspecific and intraspecific interactions.

living v non living. (invasive species, plant life, coral; temperature, pH levels, sunlight, soil quality)

what are biotic/abiotic factors? examples.

the amount of organisms an amount of land can support

define carrying capacity.

the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem

define productivity.

the mass or weight of living tissue

define biomass.

generated as trophic levels increase, generated over time

define biomagnification and bioaccumulation.

gross primary productivity, net primary productivity

(amount of photosynthesis undergone; amount of plant growth/biomass)

define GPP, NPP. examples.

gross secondary productivity, net secondary productivity

(total food eaten; energy turned into mass and fecal matter)

define GSP, NSP. examples.

G_P - R = N_P

how do you find respiration?

summarize the carbon cycle.

summarize the nitrogen cycle.

zonation: changes as geolocation changes (along a mountainside)

succession: changes over time (eutrophication, after volcano/forestfire)

define zonation and succession. primary and secondary. give examples.

r: reproduce like crazy, low survival, not raised, low on food chain (frogs, insects, fish)

k: care for young, fewer kids, higher survival, higher on food chain (bears, foxes, rabbits)

define r and k-strategists. examples.

• used to estimate population for moving organisms

• n1 x n2 / nm (catch, mark, release, recapture, count)

what is the Lincoln Index test? when do you use it?

• used to calculate species diversity in an area

• N(N-1) / sum n(n-1) (total # of species, # of individuals of a specific species)

what is the Simpsons Diversity Index test? when do you use it?

• used to estimate the population of a stationary species (plants)

• place quadrats randomly over an area. count species within. average to find approx value per quadrat. multiply by area.

what is quadrat sampling? when do you use it?

species, genetic, habitat

what are the three types of biodiversity?

LEDC’s

_EDC’s tend to have higher diversity, which means there is a lot of exploitation

a list of threatened/endangered species

what is the IUCN Red List?

ethics, aesthetics, resources, genetic variation, future generations

why do we conserve nature?

intergovernmental organizations. funded by govt. lots of enforcement. slow to pass laws, etc. can focus on many issues. international agreements.

United Nations Environment Programme, The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

define and evaluate IGOs and list examples.

nongovernmental organizations. are volunteer-run/funded, not governmental. use of media, rapid response. only focused on one issue. no legal power.

World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Greenpeace

define and evaluate NGOs and list examples.

flagship: cute, well-known, used as ‘face’ of movement, raise awareness, icon (panda, polar bear, sea turtle, American eagle, national animals)

keystone: vital to ecosystem, it will be destroyed w/o them (coral, elephants, wolves, bees)

define flagship and keystone species. examples.

70, 97

the earth is made of __% water, __% of that is salt water

ground water, springs, lakes,

where does most of our drinking water come from?

the amount of resources we can take without draining the land/ecosystem (annual growth-annual death)

define sustainable yield.

make more reservoirs, redistribution, desalination, rainwater harvesting, irrigation development, water conservation (greywater- used water that can be reused before dumped)

what can we do to conserve drinkable water?

upwelling stirs up nutrients to the top of the ocean

downwelling brings new nutrients back down to the organisms that live at the bottom of the ocean

what does upwelling/downwelling do?

raising fish/aquatic life ‘farms’

define aquaculture.

loss of habitats (mangrove removal), pollution (poop, shells, anti biotics), disease (close contamination), species loss (competition, invasive species if escape)

what are some consequences of aquaculture?

when fertilizer/nitorgen gets into a body of water causing algae blooms which creates deadzones of oxygen and kills everything

what is eutrophication?

minerals, biomass, nutrients, and water

what is soil made of?

oragnic, topsoil, parent rock and bedrock layers. less organic matter, more rock

what are the more general layers of soil and what happens as you go further down?

smallest, bigger, biggest; high, high, high; poor, poor, very good; high, high, low; small, medium, large, low, low, low

what are the comparative sizes, mineral content, drainage, water holding ability, airspace and organic matter of clay, silt, and sand

the best, highest NPP, dark brown

what is loamy soil?

commercial: for profit, lots of excess

substinence: to support a population, just enough

compare commercial and subsistence farming

deforestation (causes erosion), irrigation (causes erosion), pollution (just bad for erosion and nutrient content), intensive grazing (erosion, not strong enough plant growth)

what farming practices are bad for soil and how?

strip cultivation (placing grass inbetween plant rows to prevent wind erosion), crop rotation (trade of nutrients, no drainage), terracing (reduce steepness, crops grown as ‘steps’ on hills, stops wind erosion, slows rainwater), plowing

what farming methods are good for soil and how?

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

what are the layers of the atmosphere in order.

troposhpere

what ____sphere do we live in?

the amount of light reflected off of a surface

high: white stuff

low: black/blue/green stuff

define albedo

greenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) get trapped in the atmosphere

what is the greenhouse affect?

• good for us, protects us from UV rays

• made of O3

• decreasing due to propellants/refrigerants

• chlorine breaks the O3

what is stratospheric ozone?

an international agreement to lower CTCs in the atmosphere

what was the Montreal Protocol?

bad ozone

it is a secondary pollutant formed when nitrogen oxides and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) interact with light

what is photochemical smog?

burning fossil fuels, high humidity, trappedness

what increases tropospheric ozone?

when bad chemicals come back to earth as rain, snow, fog, etc

what is acid deposition?

more

low pH means more/less acidic?

aquatic organisms, acid deposition goes straight into their habitat and infect them very fast. they are very sensitive to changes in pH

____ are more vulnerable to acid rain because _____

reliable and accessible energy sources

define energy security

tidal, wind, solar, biomass, nuclear power, fossil fuels, hydropower

what are the 7 types of energy sources

unstable economics/political power, cultural attitudes, bad international relations, low tech. development

what are factors that make a country have less energy security?

wildfires, temp rises, erosion, desertification, plants die off, oceans rising and expanding

consequences of climate change?

reduction/stabilization of GHG emissions

define mitigation

• lowering energy consumption

• alternatives to fossil fuels

• reduction of emissions from agriculture

list mitigation strategies for GHGs

• increase in carbon sinks’

• use biomass as fuel

• increase in bioactivity in the oceans

list mitigation strategies for CO2 Removal

exponential

what type of growth does the human population have?

#of births per 1000 people/year

how do you calculate Crude Birth Rate?

#of deaths per 1000 people/year

how do you calculate Crude Death Rate?

how many kids a woman can have over her lifetime

define fertility

• expectation of generational legacy

• less access to birth control

• less education

• need more sources of income

• have more time to raise them

LEDC have higher birth rates. why?

CBR-CDR/10=RNI

how do you calculate natural increase in a population?

70/RNI

how do you calculate doubling time?

• wide/narrow= high/low density

• concaves/bulges= increase/decrease

• deficits= age specific deaths

name the characteristics of a population pyramid

• educate (individual basis): reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, landfills, incinerators

• legislate

• remediate

how do we try to decrease our SDW?

• capital: resources the land offers

• income: how much we take

define natural capital and income

useful output/input

how do you find efficiency?

when inputs and outputs are relatively even, and the system is reliable, pre-tipping point

define equilibrium

the process in which food is turned into energy for consumers

define cellular respiration