Brain and Behavior final

what is responsible for fight or flight response?

sympathetic nervous system

which is the most outer layer of the meninges?

dura mater

which glial cell myelinates neurons in the central nervous system?

oligodendroglia

which part of the midbrain?

tectum

which is important for most vital functions?

medulla

which glial cells helps form the blood brain barrier?

astrocytes

for a typical neuron at rest, which ion has the highest relative extracellular concentration?

Na+

If a Na+ channel were to open, what would happen?

Na+ would enter the cell

If a K+ channel were to open, which would be true of K+?

the electrical gradient would force K+ into the cell

the concentration gradient would force K+ out of cell

If a Cl- channel were to open, how would the electrical gradient affect Cl?

it would force Cl out of the cell

Which are faster?

electrical synapses

which can send the most complicated signals?

chemical synapses

which would be a an acetylcholine agonist?

drug that increase acetylcholine release

which would be considered a GABA agonist?

drug that increases post-synaptic hyperpolarization

which can reduce anxiety?

GABA agonist

the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that schizophrenics have

too much dopamine

which brain area involved in addiction is involved in habit formation?

basal ganglia

which brain area is involved in addiction?

ventral tegmental area

which glial cells guide migrating neurons?

radial glial cells

which brain area finishes myelinateing last?

prefrontal cortex

which is NOT a visual pathway?

tementogenicular

which has the largest receptive field?

V1 cell

which is NOT part of the inner ear?

tympanic membrane

where is primary auditory cortex?

heschl's gyrus

where is Broca's area?

left frontal lobe

Damage to the _____ will result in Wernicke's aphasis

left planum temporale

A cut to the left spinal cord will prevent the sensation of ____ below on the ______.

proprioception; left

Pain information travels to the brain via the

ventral spinothalamic tract

stimulaiton of this area can block pain signals coming up form the spinal cord

periaqueductal gray

which is part of the vestibular system

otholith organs

which is responsible for learned taste aversion ?

amygdala

which is primary olfactory cortex?

pyriform cortex

which is responsible for REM sleep behavior?

pons

which release acetylcholine and keeps us awake and alert?

basal forebrain

a rat presses a lever and gets food:he learns to press the lever for food; this is

operant conditioning

which is necessary for forming new semantic memories?

hippocampus

at glutamate synapses, which must happen for long-term potentiation?

displacement of Mg++

Damage to which brain area is most likely to result in contralateral neglect?

right pariental cortex

if a split-brain patient sees a fork in his left visual field, he will be able to

reach for a fork with his left hand

Muscle commands that control your hand muscles are sent down the

lateral corticospinal tract

haptic sensory signals ______ the pain gate

close

which transmits sensory information about the location of your limbs?

propropception

a cut to the spinal cord will prevent sensation of _____ below the cut on the ____side of the body

hapsis, left

proprioceptive information travels to the brain via the

dorsal spinothalamic tract

stimulation of this brain region can result in the blocking of incoming nocipetive signals

periaqueductal gray

parkenson's diesease is characterized by a loss of dopamine neurons in the :

substantia nigra

which is NOT a part of the vestibular system?

strech receptors

which is primary gustatory cortex?

isular cortex

which is responsible for processing food texture?

somatosensory cortex

which is primary gustatory cortex?

insular cortex

which is responsible for processing food texture

somatosensory cortex

which brain area is primarily responsible for learned taste aversion?

amygdala

which uses vestibular information to help maintain balance and corrdiantion

cerebellum

in many mammals the ____ detects pheromones

vomeronasal organ

which would be most diffcult to associate with a foot shock?

sour taste

according to the James-Lange view of emotion , you experience

physicological arousal before fear

which cells help entrain your sleep/wake cycle?

photosensitive rental ganglion cells

which color of light most likely keeps you awake at night

blue

which visual pathway helps entrain your sleep/wake cycle?

retinohypothalamic

which EEG pattern is assoicated with rem sleep?

small fast waves

which is typical of REM sleep

muscle atonia

which is typical of NREM sleep?

night terrors

____cells in rat's hippocampus will fire to map out spatial location in a maze both while running through the maze and also during sleep.

place

damaged to the ___ would be most likely to cause someone to act out their dreams

pons

if a rat presses a lever and receives food, after a number of attempts, the rate will learn to press the lever to get food. this is an example of

operant conditioning

if a rat receives a shock when a tone is present, after a number of trials, the rat will freeze when it hears the tone. this is an example of

classical conditioning

the basal forebrain releases ___ to stimulate the brain and maintain wakefulness

acetylcholine

the ______ is (are) primarily responsible for REM sleep behaviors.

medial pontine reticular fomation

patient H.M could not creae any new autobiographical memories because of the removal of his

hippocampus

although HM could not form new autiobiographical memories, he could form new

procedural memories

when you are asked to remember a phone number, you may repeat that number over and over in your mind. Which brain area are you most relying on

prefrontal cortex

fear conditioning occurs in the:

amygdala

at rest, which neurontransmitter-gated channel is blocked by Mg++

NMDA

which brain area has been shown to be responsible for eye blink conditioing

cerebellum

which brain area has been shown to be most responsible for habit formation?

basal ganglia

for long-term potentiation to occur at glutamate synpases, which must occur?

Ca++ must enter the post-synaptic cell

which receptor allows Ca++ to enter the cell?

NMDA receptors

which is an example of implicit memory

procedural memory

which is considered association cortex

Prefrontal cortex

which is most involved in processing spatial orientations?

pariental association cortex

which is an example of explicit memory?

semantic memory

damage to the _____ is most likely to cause contralateral neglect

right parietal cortex

which brain area is most responsible for switching between the rules during the Wisconsion card sorting task?

prefrontal cortex

if a split brain person is shown an image of an object in their visual field, they will be able to reach for that object

with their left hand

which is NOT considered a good method for preventing age-related cognitive decline?

crossword puzzle

which cognitive ability shows the earliest age-related decline?

perceptual processing speed

deterioration of the ____ can explain memory loss association with Alzheimer's disease

entorhinal cortex

In the article by Duarte et al. (2017), the authors indicated that... (choose the BEST answer).

ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

FOOD-RELATED BINGE-LIKE AND CRAVING BEHAVIOR MAY BE INDUCED WHEN HEDONIC DRIVE OVERRIDES HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEMS

BEHAVIORAL CRITERIA CURRENTLY USED TO DEFINE DRUG ADDICTION IS VERY SIMILAR TO EATING DISORDERS

AT THE NEUROBIOLOGICAL LEVEL, SIMILAR UNDERLYING NEURAL PATHWAYS ARE ACTIVATED AND/OR ALTERED BY COMPULSIVE-LIKE DRUG AND FOOD INTAKE

ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

What point did Dr. Fatima Cody Stanford NOT make when she summarized her video presentation, "Obesity: It's more complex than you think?"

MATERNAL/PATERNAL ANTI-FAT BIAS AFFECTS INFANTS AND CHILDREN

OBESITY IS A MULTIFACTORIAL DISORDER

DIET AND EXERCISE ARE THE FIRST LINE TREATMENTS FOR OBESITY

OBESITY IS A CHRONIC CONDITION THAT REQUIRES LIFELONG TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT

BARIACTRIC SURGERY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

WEIGHT STIGMA HAS A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH

BARIATRIC SURGERY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR OBESITY

In their article about the role of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic disparities on sleep, Grandner and colleagues (2016) asserted that assessments of challenges to achieving healthy sleep should ALSO include questions about: (check all that apply)

OCCUPATIONAL AND/OR HOME DEMANDS

NEIGHBORHOOD STRESS

SOCIAL FACTORS

RACISM

ALL ANSWERS NOT INCLUDING SCREEN VIEWING TIME

In a formulary development testing cycle, the researchers gave participants varying dosage levels of their study supplement claiming to improve sleep. All ingredients remained constant with the exception of the sleep aid component. This component was probably a(n) ______ blocker.

INSULIN

ADENOSINE

OREXIN

GLUTAMATE

OREXIN

Blum's proposed reward deficiency syndrome states that sensation seekers, because of their lower numbers of inherited D2 receptors, are constantly motivated by the search for ______ sources of rewards.

LESS PUBLIC

MORE SECRETIVE

LESS INTENSE

MORE INTENSE

MORE INTENSE

Motivation refers to the processes that determine the initiation, maintenance, direction, and ______ of behavior.

ACHIEVEMENT

LONGEVITY

TERMINATION

MASTERY

TERMINATION

On average humans typical spend about ______ of sleep in nREM and about ______ in REM.

60%; 40%

80%; 20%

75%; 25%

70%; 30%

75%; 25%

In REM sleep there is rapid eye movement and via EOG recordings it appears there is a loss of ______.

MUSCLE TONE

HEARING

COGNITIVE ACTIVITY

DIGESTION

MUSCLE TONE

The characteristic EEG rhythm of the waking state are beta waves of ______.

HIGH AMPLITUDE; LOW FREQUENCY

HIGH AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY

LOW AMPLITUDE; LOW FREQUENCY

LOW AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY

LOW AMPLITUDE; HIGH FREQUENCY

______ stage of sleep is subdivided into stages of progressively deeper sleep cycles.

REM

NON-REM

PARADOXICAL

ALPHA WAVE

NON-REM

The ascending arousal system (AAS) promotes wakefulness by exciting the cortex and it is stimulated by the input from orexinergic neurons in the ______.

HIPPOCAMPUS

BASAL FOREBRAIN

LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS

THALAMUS

LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS

In dopamine ramping dopamine is released in ______ as the steps required to get rewarded are completed.

INCREASING AMOUNTS

CONSISTENT AMOUNTS

DECREASING AMOUNTS

UNPREDICTABLE AMOUNTS

INCREASING AMOUNTS

The most frequent type of congenital chromosomal disorder in males is Klinefelters syndrome (KS).

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE