Module 11 MicroPara continuation

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A member of the human herpesvirus family causing asymptomatic infections in healthy individuals but major morbidity in HIV-infected patients.

Dengue

A viral infection transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, common in tropical climates, presenting with high fever, severe headache, and muscle pains.

Malaria

Caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, with different species like P. falciparum causing severe symptoms and P. vivax having a dormant stage.

Rabies

A deadly viral infection spread through infected animal saliva, causing symptoms like anxiety, drooling, and muscle spasms.

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by Hepatitis viruses (A-G) with varying transmission routes and symptoms like jaundice and abdominal pain.

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

Gastroenteritis caused by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin ingestion, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps.

Salmonellosis

Gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella typhimurium and S. enteritidis ingestion, presenting with symptoms like fever, diarrhea, and dehydration.

Typhoid Fever

Caused by Salmonella typhi, transmitted through contaminated food and water, with symptoms including fever, abdominal pain, and rose spots.

Cholera

A disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through the fecal-oral route, characterized by profuse watery stools, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines caused by bacteria like Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Clostridium perfringes, leading to symptoms like fever, nausea, and diarrhea.

Cystitis

Bladder inflammation commonly caused by Escherichia coli, with symptoms including dysuria, pyuria, and urinary urgency.

Septicemia

Presence of bacteria in the blood, often caused by various germs like Staphylococcus aureus, leading to symptoms such as fevers and rapid heart rate.

Botulism

A serious illness caused by Clostridium botulinum, resulting in symptoms like paralysis and difficulty swallowing, often acquired from contaminated foods.

Ergot Poisoning

Illness caused by Claviceps pupurea fungus infecting rye, leading to convulsive and gangrenous stages with symptoms like seizures and loss of peripheral sensation.

Aflatoxin Poisoning

Disease from exposure to Aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus mold, found in peanuts, causing symptoms like abdominal pain and liver damage.

Candidiasis

Yeast infection caused by Candida albicans, leading to symptoms like oral thrush, skin rashes, and vaginal itching, commonly seen in warm and moist body areas.

What is the causative agent of CMV?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

How is CMV transmitted?

Sexual contact, close personal contact, blood-to-blood contact, organ transplantation, perinatal transmission

What are common signs and symptoms of CMV?

Symptoms involving CNS and GI tract

What are the management options for CMV?

Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir, Foscarnet, Cidofovir

How can CMV infections be prevented?

Avoid personal contact with infected individuals

What is the causative agent of Dengue?

Aedes aegypti mosquito (vector)

How is Dengue transmitted?

Bites of infected female Aedes mosquitoes

What are the key symptoms of Dengue?

High fever, severe headache, pain behind eyes, muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands, rash

What is the primary management for Dengue?

Pain relief with Acetaminophen, hydration, rest

How can Dengue be prevented?

Avoid mosquito bites, use repellents, nets, and eliminate mosquito breeding sites

What are the causative agents of Malaria?

Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale

How is Malaria transmitted?

Bite of female Anopheles mosquito, blood transfusion, contaminated needles, rare transplacental transmission

What are the key symptoms of Malaria?

Headache, nausea, fever, chills, sweating, anemia

What are the treatment options for Malaria?

Chloroquine, Quinine, Sulfadoxine, Primaquine

How can Malaria be prevented?

Destroy mosquito breeding places, use insecticides, mosquito nets, prophylactic treatment

What is the causative agent of Rabies?

Rhabdo Virus

How is Rabies transmitted?

Through infected saliva entering the body via bite or broken skin

What are the signs and symptoms of Rabies?

Anxiety, drooling, convulsions, excitability, muscle spasms, difficulty swallowing

What is the primary management for Rabies?

Immediate washing of the bite, apply sterile dressing, consult health authorities

How can Rabies be prevented?

Immunization, avoid contact with infected animals

What are the causative agents of Hepatitis?

Hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, E, G)

How is Hepatitis transmitted?

A & E: Fecal-oral route; B, C, D, G: Parenteral route, sexual contact, transplacental (varies by type)

What are the key symptoms of Hepatitis?

Weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, fever, jaundice

What is the primary management for Hepatitis?

Supportive care, bed rest, avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic drugs

How can Hepatitis be prevented?

Vaccination (Hepatitis A & B), safe practices to avoid transmission

What is the causative agent of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Staphylococcus aureus

How is Staphylococcal Food Poisoning transmitted?

Food-borne transmission

What are the signs and symptoms of Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, dehydration

How is Staphylococcal Food Poisoning managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Staphylococcal Food Poisoning?

Proper food handling and preparation, keep kitchens and food-serving areas clean and sanitized, store cooked food in a wide, shallow container and refrigerate promptly

What are the causative agents of Salmonellosis?

Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis

How is Salmonellosis transmitted?

Ingestion of contaminated foods; infected animal feces

What are the signs and symptoms of Salmonellosis?

Nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea with mucus, dehydration

How is Salmonellosis managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Salmonellosis?

Cook poultry, ground beef, and eggs thoroughly, wash hands, kitchen surfaces, and utensils after contact with raw meat or poultry

What is the causative agent of Typhoid Fever?

Salmonella typhi

How is Typhoid Fever transmitted?

Ingestion of contaminated food and water

What are the signs and symptoms of Typhoid Fever?

Ladder-like fever, malaise, diffuse abdominal pain, constipation, rose spots, coma vigil look, subsultus tendinum, carphologia

How is Typhoid Fever managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Typhoid Fever?

Sanitary disposal of human feces, careful food preparation and washing of hands, avoid risky foods and drinks such as street foods, vaccination against typhoid fever

What is the causative agent of Cholera?

Vibrio cholerae

How is Cholera transmitted?

Fecal-oral route

What are the signs and symptoms of Cholera?

Painless profuse rice watery stools, vomiting, acute colicky abdominal pain, tachycardia, weakness, fatigue, dry mucous membranes, loss of skin elasticity, hypotension

How is Cholera managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Cholera?

Water purification, sanitary disposal of feces, cook food well, especially seafood, vaccination

What are the causative agents of Gastroenteritis?

Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringes

How is Gastroenteritis transmitted?

Ingestion of raw or contaminated food, particularly meat, poultry, and unpasteurized milk

What are the signs and symptoms of Gastroenteritis?

Low-grade fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain

How is Gastroenteritis managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Gastroenteritis?

Thorough washing of hands after handling raw foods of animal origin and before preparing food, proper handling, storage, and preparation of food, prevent cross-contamination in the kitchen, do not drink unpasteurized milk

What is the causative agent of Cystitis?

Escherichia coli

How is Cystitis transmitted?

Various means including having sex, wiping from back to front, and inserting a tampon or urinary catheter

What are the signs and symptoms of Cystitis?

Dysuria, pyuria, pressure or cramping in the lower pelvis, urinary urgency

How is Cystitis managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Cystitis?

Keep the genital area clean and wipe from front to back, drink plenty of fluids, take showers instead of baths, urinate before and after sexual activity

What are the common causative agents of Septicemia?

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae

How is Septicemia transmitted?

Spread of any infection to the bloodstream

What are the signs and symptoms of Septicemia?

Spiking fevers, chills, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate, fever

How is Septicemia managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Septicemia?

Ensure vaccinations are up-to-date, appropriate treatment of localized infections

What is the causative agent of Rheumatic Fever?

Streptococcus pyogenes

How is Rheumatic Fever transmitted?

Inadequately treated Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract

What are the signs and symptoms of Rheumatic Fever?

Carditis, chorea, arthritis, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules, fever, arthralgia

How is Rheumatic Fever managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Rheumatic Fever?

Bed rest, increase oral fluid intake, quick treatment for strep throat and scarlet fever

What is the causative agent of Anthrax?

Bacillus anthracis

How is Anthrax transmitted?

Direct contact, inhalation, and ingestion of anthrax-tainted meat

What are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax?

Itchy painless sore for cutaneous anthrax; fever, malaise, headache, cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain for inhalation anthrax; abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, mouth sores, nausea and vomiting for gastrointestinal anthrax

How is Anthrax managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax?

Preventive antibiotics for those exposed, vaccination for high-risk individuals

What is the causative agent of Lyme Disease?

Borrelia burgdorferi

How is Lyme Disease transmitted?

Bite of an infected Ixodes tick

What are the signs and symptoms of Lyme Disease?

Body-wide itching, "bulls eye" rash, chills, fever, general ill-feeling, headache, light-headedness or fainting, muscle pain, weakness, stiff neck, abnormal muscle movement, joint swelling in the knees and other areas

How is Lyme Disease managed?

Antibiotic therapy, swollen joints can be reduced by arthrocentesis

What are the prevention and control measures for Lyme Disease?

Wear light-colored clothing to spot ticks, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants with cuffs tucked into shoes or socks, use tweezers to remove ticks and swab the bite site with alcohol

What is the causative agent of Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum

How is Botulism transmitted?

Ingestion of the neurotoxin

What are the signs and symptoms of Botulism?

Absent or decreased deep tendon reflexes, absent or decreased gag reflex, eyelid drooping, speech impairment, abdominal cramps, breathing difficulty, difficulty swallowing and speaking, bilateral weakness or paralysis

How is Botulism managed?

Antibiotic therapy

What are the prevention and control measures for Botulism?

Removal of contaminated food from the gut, avoid giving honey or corn syrup to infants, prevent infant botulism by exclusive breastfeeding, discard bulging cans or foul-smelling preserved foods

What is the causative agent of Ergot Poisoning?

Claviceps purpurea

How is Ergot Poisoning transmitted?

Ingestion of products containing the fungus; consumption of grains or seeds contaminated by the fungus

What are the signs and symptoms of Ergot Poisoning?

Convulsive stage: painful seizures and spasms, hallucinations, diarrhea, paresthesias, itching, headaches, nausea, and vomiting; Gangrenous stage: weak peripheral pulses, loss of peripheral sensation, edema, death and loss of affected tissues, desquamation or peeling, dry gangrene in the fingers and toes

How can Ergot Poisoning be prevented and controlled?

Avoid eating rye and other cereal grains, promote blood circulation, drink plenty of water, eat green leafy vegetables, whole grains, legumes, fish, and poultry in small portions