Unit 2 AP Human Geography Vocabulary

Pandemic

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population

Physiological density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Population pyramid

shows percentage of population in 5-year age groups, with the youngest group at the base of the pyramid and the oldest group at the top. The length of the bar represents the percentage of the total population in that group. Males are usually on the left and females on the right

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Overpopulation

The number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Census

an official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details of individuals

Crude Birth Rate

the total number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in the population

Demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 (non-working), compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Doubling Time

the time required for a population to double in size assuming constant rate

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Infant Mortality Rate

a figure that describes the number of babies that die within the first year of their lives in a given population

Push Factors

Conditions that cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

Carrying Capacity

largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Voluntary Migration

movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced.

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Chain Migration

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Internal Migration

Migration within a country

Guest Workers

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern of Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.

Unauthorized Immigrants

immigrants who come into a country without the government's permission

Immigration

moving into a population

Emigration

Leaving a population

industrial revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Arable Land

land suitable for growing crops

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Pull Factors

Conditions that draw people to another location

Thomas Malthus

Theorized that population increases exponentially whereas agriculture increases linearly; eventually, the world would run out of food.

Net Migration

The difference between emigration and immigration; is not part of a country's Natural Increase Rate

Transnational Migration

A process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

International Migration

Migration from one country to another

Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee

Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Internally Displaced Person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Intervening Obstacles

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

Mobility

All types of movement between locations

Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

Urbanization

Net migration from rural to urban areas

Ester Boserup

Food production can, and will, increase to match the needs of the population