physio- adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

what hormones are produced and secreted by the adrenal medulla?

sympathetic

which stimulation- parasympathetic or sympathetic- causes the release of the adrenal medulla hormones?

preganglionic sympathetic fibers

what innervates the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells

what is the other name for the medulloadrenal cells?

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons of the adrenal medulla that release catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)

what are chromaffin cells?

both

are epinephrine/norepinephrine hormones or neurotransmitters?

80 epinephrine

20 norepinephrine

the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla release ______% epinephrine and ______% norepinephrine

hydrosoluble

are epinephrine and norepinephine hydrosoluble or liposoluble?

amine derived

what type of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephine?

2 minutes

what is the half life of epinephrine and norepinephine?

adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephine are synthesized, stored, and secreted in the ________

yes, they are hydrosoluble

are epinephrine and norepinephine stored?

Ach, ACTH, cortisol

what 3 hormones regulate the secretion/production of epinephrine and norepinephine?

sympathetic, have longer lasting effects because they are removed slowly from the blood

epinephrine and norepinephine have the same effects as the _________ nervous system, but they ________

epinephrine (80%)

in the adult, which is synthesized more, epinephrine or norepinephine?

norepinephrine

in the fetus, which is synthesized more, epinephrine or norepinephine?

tyrosine

epinephrine and norepinephine are derived from _______

carbohydrate metabolism

epinephrine has a main effect on ________

vascular smooth muscle

norepinephrine mostly effects ________

contract vascular smooth muscle

what is the alpha effect of norepinephrine?

relax vascular smooth muscle and stimulate heart rate

what is the beta effect of norepinephrine?

epinephrine

which, epinephrine or norepinephine effects carbohydrate metabolism?

norepinephrine

which, epinephrine or norepinephine effects vascular smooth muscle?

epinephrine - it is 10x more potent

which, epinephrine or norepinephine is more potent on beta 2 receptors?

increase glycogenolysis

increase gluconeogenesis

how do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect liver carb metabolism?

increase

do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase or decrease glycemia?

increase glycogenolysis

increase glucogenoneosis

how do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase glycemia?

increase glucagon

decrease insulin

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine do to the pancreas?

glycogenolysis

in smooth muscle, epinephrine and norepinephrine increase _______

increase

do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase or decrease glycogenolysis?

increase

in adipose tissue, epinephrine and norepinephrine _______ lipolysis (increase or decrease)

beta oxidation of FFA

to obtain energy, epinephrine and norepinephrine increase ________ in the liver

increase beta oxidation of FFA

how do epinephrine and norepinephrine affect lipid metabolism in the liver?

sympathetic activation

what is the main mechanism of medulloadrenal regulation?

sympathetic activation causes preganglionic fibers to release Ach, which causes depolarization of chromaffin cells and secretion of their contents. it also activates them to synthesize more catecholamines

how does sympathetic activation affect the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine

exposure to ACTH and cortisol stimulate the synthesis of......

stress, alarm, exercise

hypoglycemia, hypothermia, hypoxia

what situations activate the sympathetic nervous system, resulting in the medulloadrenal release of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

glucagon

epinephrine and norepinephrine cause the pancreas to increase _______ secretion/synthesis

insulin

epinephrine and norepinephrine cause the pancreas to decrease _______ secretion/synthesis

contraction of vascular smooth muscle

when epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to alpha receptors, what happens?

relax vascular smooth muscle

when epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to beta receptors, what happens?