Foundations of Counseling - Flashcards

Flashcards based on the lecture notes covering the basics of counseling history and research.

What is a key issue regarding the identity of counseling?

Disagreements regarding professional identity and who has the best education and training to provide the most effective help.

What are the characteristics that define counseling?

Preventing problems, using a developmental model, focusing on adjustment issues, short-term work, and community practice.

What are adjustment reactions?

Anxiety and depression related to specific events and developmental passages.

What is the foundation of counseling grounded in?

A hybrid of knowledge from philosophy, education, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, and family studies.

How did the first real counselors attempt to heal?

Heal by talking.

Who pioneered the cathartic method of talking out problems?

Sigmund Freud

What basic tenets have been inherited from early philosophers and religious leaders in counseling?

There is no single right answer, multiple interpretations exist, and philosophy must be personalized.

What counseling interventions is Hippocrates credited with developing?

Systematic diagnostic interviews, detailed history taking, trust building, and dream interpretation.

What remarkable feats did Freud accomplish?

Plotting the anatomy of the human nervous system, developing local anesthesia, hypnosis, personality models, unconscious motives, dream interpretation, society's structure, and the first formal methodology of counseling.

What concepts was William James interested in?

Free will, consciousness, adaptive functioning, and pragmatism.

Who is often credited as the founder of the vocational guidance movement?

Frank Parsons

What three-part model for career counseling did Frank Parsons describe?

Analysis of interests, exploration of occupations, and systematic reasoning.

What contributed to the counseling profession's development?

Legislative acts, increased cultural diversity, and the managed care movement.

What did Clifford Beers propose that emotionally disturbed people need most?

A compassionate friend

Who argued that the traditional doctor-patient pattern was inappropriate for most human beings?

Carl Rogers

What are the basic skills for training in therapeutic counseling?

Reflection, confrontation, summarization, attending, and goal setting.

What specialties does CACREP have minimum requirements for?

Mental health, school counseling, student personnel, community/agency counseling, and marriage and family counseling.

What attempts have been made to legitimize counseling as a profession?

Licensure initiative, accreditation, and standardization of training.

What are the different functions of practitioners and scientists in counseling?

Practitioners work with clients, scientists study human behavior.

What does the scientist-practitioner model suggest that counselors do?

Engage in research while delivering direct services.

What three aspects of research are important for counseling students to learn?

Terminology, classic studies, and ability to conduct systematic studies, reading studies critically and to construct legitimate evaluation methods in your work

What are the steps for Quantitative Research: Measuring Experiences?

Testing hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, and statistical procedures.

What is explored in Qualitative Research: Exploring Experiences?

Explores the "lived experiences" of people.

What can counselors do to avoid becoming lonely and stale?

Isolate, test hypotheses, measure results, research for new techniques or models, and evaluate the probability of success.