Bio II Exam ``1: Ch 32 "Internal Environment of Animals: Organization and Regulation"

Anatomy

The study of the biological form of an organism. Closely related with physiology

Physiology

The study of the biological functions an organism performs. Closely related with form

Tissues

Groups of cells with similar appearance and common function

Organs

Different types of tissues organized into functional units

Organ System

Groups of organs that work together

Digestive system

Type of organ system consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and anus. Is used for food processing, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Circulatory system

Type of organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Is used to internally distribute materials

Respiratory system

Type of organ system consisting of the lungs, trachea, and other breathing tubes. Is used for gas exchange

Lymphatic and Immune system

Type of organ system consisting of the bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, and white blood cells. Is used for body defense, such as fighting infections and viruses

Excretory system

Type of organ system consisting of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Is used to dispose of metabolic wastes and regulates the osmotic balance of the blood

Endocrine system

Type of organ system consisting of the pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone secreting glands. Is used in the coordination of bodily activities such as digestion and metabolism

Nervous system

Type of organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and other sensory organs. Is used in the coordination of bodily activities such as the detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them

Integumentary system

Type of organ system consisting of the skin (and hair, claws, sweat glands). Is used to protect against mechanical injury, infection, and dehydration. Also helps with thermoregulation

Skeletal System

Type of organ system consisting of the skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage). Is used for bodily support, to protect internal organs, and movement

Muscular System

Type of organ system consisting of the skeletal muscles. Is used for locomotion and other movement

Nervous

The (endocrine/nervous) system using neurons to transmit signals along dedicated routes, connecting specific locations in the body, meaning a fast, immediate response.

Endocrine

The (endocrine/nervous) system releases signaling molecules called hormones into the blood cells to reach all locations in the body, meaning slow change that affects the entire body

Hypothalamus

This almond sized region of the brain controls most neuroendocrine signaling in mammals.

Negative Feedback

This type of feedback dampens a stimulus (sweating and shivering to return the body to homeostasis). Most homeostasis relies on this

Positive Feedback

This type of feedback reinforces a stimulus to increase the response (Milk production)

Epinephrine

Secreted by the adrenal glands and can raise blood glucose levels, increase blood flow to muscles, and decrease blood flow to the digestive tract

receptors

Target cells vary in their response to a hormone because they differ in their _________

Regulator

A type of animal that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change despite external fluctuation. They use homeostasis to maintain a “steady state,” and maintain body temperature, blood pH, and glucose concentration at a constant level like a thermostat.

Conformer

A type of animal that allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes. For example, a fish regulates solute concentrations in its blood and interstitial fluid

Set point

Animals achieve homeostasis by maintaining a variable at or near this particular value

stimulus

Flunctuations above or below the set point serve as this, which are detected by a sensor and trigger a response to return to homeostasis

Thermoregulation

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a normal range.

Endothermic

These animals generate heat by metabolism. Includes mammals and birds

Ectothermic

These animals gain heat from external sources. Includes most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and reptiles

Countercurrent exchange

How birds conserve heat in their blood

Osmoregulation

The process by which animals control solute concentrations in the interstitial fluid and balance water gain and loss. Includes excretion.

Osmolarity

the solute concentration of a solution that determines the movement of water across a permeable membrane. More concentrated always moves towards —→ less concentrated

Ammonia

Most aquatic animals excrete this as waste

Urea

Mammals, most amphibians, sharks and some bony fish excrete this as waste

Uric Acid

Birds, reptiles, insects, and land snails excrete this as waste

Epithelial

This type of cell makes up many inner organs

Connective

This type of cell supports internal structures

Muscle

This type of animal cell allows movement

Nervous

This type of animal tissue transmits electrical signals

KIDNEY

KIDNEY