Chapter 2

What subatomic particle carries a positive electrical charge?

Proton

What subatomic particle carries a negative electrical charge?

Electron

What subatomic particle has essentially no electrical charge?

Neutron

What determines an element's atomic number?

Number of protons

What is an atom called after it gains or loses electrons and becomes charged?

Ion

What type of bond results from the transfer of electrons between atoms?

Ionic bond

What type of bond results from atoms sharing electrons?

Covalent bond

What relatively weak attraction commonly occurs between polar molecules such as water?

Hydrogen bond

What type of chemical reaction combines smaller molecules into a larger molecule?

Synthesis reaction

What type of chemical reaction breaks a larger molecule into smaller molecules?

Decomposition reaction

What type of reaction involves molecules exchanging parts?

Exchange reaction

What usually happens to the rate of a chemical reaction when temperature increases?

It increases

What does a catalyst do to activation energy?

Lowers activation energy

What is the most abundant inorganic compound in the human body?

Water

Which property of water helps stabilize body temperature?

High heat capacity

What are ions dissolved in water that can conduct electrical current called?

Electrolytes

Which two ions did the course especially associate with nerve and muscle function?

Sodium and potassium

What does an acid donate in solution?

Hydrogen ions

What does a base accept?

Hydrogen ions

What pH represents neutrality?

pH 7

A solution below pH 7 is generally classified as what?

Acidic

A solution above pH 7 is generally classified as what?

Basic

What substances help resist large changes in pH?

Buffers

What reaction joins biological monomers while removing water?

Dehydration synthesis

What reaction breaks biological molecules apart by adding water?

Hydrolysis

What are the three major carbohydrate classifications by size?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

What type of carbohydrate is glucose?

Monosaccharide

What type of carbohydrate includes sucrose, lactose, and maltose?

Disaccharide

What type of carbohydrate includes glycogen and starch?

Polysaccharide

What is the major carbohydrate fuel used by cells to produce ATP?

Glucose

What is the principal storage carbohydrate in animals?

Glycogen

Where is glycogen stored especially prominently?

Liver and skeletal muscle

What are the three major lipid groups emphasized by Goode?

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

What is a triglyceride composed of?

Glycerol and three fatty acids

Which lipid is a major structural component of plasma membranes?

Phospholipid

Which type of lipid has a four-ring carbon structure?

Steroid

Which steroid is an important component of cell membranes and precursor of several body molecules?

Cholesterol

What are the monomers or building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What bond joins amino acids together?

Peptide bond

What type of protein is generally long and structural, such as collagen?

Fibrous protein

What type of protein is generally compact and performs specialized functions such as catalysis?

Globular protein

What happens to a protein when its three-dimensional shape is disrupted by extreme conditions?

Denaturation

What type of biological molecule is an enzyme?

Protein

What is the primary role of an enzyme?

Catalyze chemical reactions

How do enzymes accelerate chemical reactions?

Lower activation energy

What are the four levels of protein organization in increasing complexity?

Primary → secondary → tertiary → quaternary

What is the basic structural unit of a nucleic acid?

Nucleotide

Which nucleic acid is normally double stranded?

DNA

Which nucleic acid is normally single stranded?

RNA

What sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Which nitrogenous base occurs in RNA instead of thymine?

Uracil

Which molecule is the major immediate energy-transfer compound of cells?

ATP

What does ATP provide to energy-requiring cellular processes?

Usable cellular energy