Chapter 12: Gastrointestinal System

What is the pathway of food through the GI tract?

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

What is peristalsis?

Wave-like muscle contractions that move contents through the GI tract.

What is the function of the stomach?

Mixes food with gastric acid/enzymes and begins protein digestion.

What are rugae?

Folds in the stomach lining that allow expansion.

What is the main site of nutrient absorption?

Small intestine.

What are villi?

Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

What is the function of the liver?

Produces bile, processes nutrients, detoxifies substances, and supports metabolism.

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Stores and concentrates bile.

What is the function of the pancreas in digestion?

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

What is GERD?

Backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus causing heartburn/reflux.

What is a hiatal hernia?

Part of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

What is a peptic ulcer?

Open sore in stomach or duodenal lining; may cause epigastric pain or bleeding.

What does occult blood mean?

Hidden blood not visible to the eye.

What is melena?

Black, tarry stool often associated with upper GI bleeding.

What is hematemesis?

Vomiting blood.

What is constipation?

Difficult or infrequent stool passage.

What is diarrhea?

Frequent loose/watery stools.

What should a patient usually do before colonoscopy?

Follow bowel preparation instructions from the provider; often clear liquids the day before and bowel cleansing as directed.

What should an MA tell a patient about colonoscopy prep?

Bowel preparation instructions will be provided and must be followed exactly.

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver.