Chapter 13: Friends and Family

Functional play

simple, repetitive activities

Constructive play

manipulating objects to produce or build something

Parallel play

kids play with similar toys but don’t interact with others

Onlooker play

kids watch others play

Associative play

2+ kids interact by sharing or borrowing toys or material, but they do not do the same thing

Cooperative play

kids interact with each other, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests

Stages 1 (ages 4-7): Basing Friendship on Others’ Behavior

basing friendship on others behavior, see friends as people to share toys/activities.

Stage 2 (ages 8–10): Basing Friendship on Trust

begin to take others personal qualities/traits into consideration

Stage 3 (ages 11-15): Basing Friendship on Psychological Closeness

friendship become based on intimacy/loyalty

Border work

often romantic; helps emphasize clear boundaries between sexes.

Dominance hierarchy

rankings of relative social power

Restrictive play

interactions interrupted when status is challenged

Peers

ppl about the same age or level of maturity

Reference groups

ppl we see as similiar to self

Norms

social standards

Cliques

groups of 2 to 12 people; have frequent social interactions, average of 7/8

Crowds

larger, looser groups; individuals share characteristic but may not interact w/ one another

Sex cleavage

boys interact primarily w/ boys, girls interact primarily with girls

Controversial adolescents

liked by some and disliked by others

Rejected adolescents

uniformly disliked, typically are over aggressive

Neglected adolescents

neither liked nor disliked; overlooked by almost everyone.

Autonomy

development of independence; can add conflict to family

Generation gap

divide between adolescence/other periods of life; reflects profound differences in behavior, values, attitudes, lifestyle choices, and experiences.

Social support

assistance/comfort supplied by a network of caring, interested people

Blended families

remarried couple with at least one stepchild living with them

Role ambiguity

roles and expectations are unclear; this can make transition difficult

Multigenerational families

households consisting of several generation

Empty nest syndrome

parents experience unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression stemming from child’s departure from home

Boomerang children

offspring that return home, typically due to financial issues

Involved grandparents

actively engaged in grandparenting and have influence over their grandchildren’s lives, with clear expectation on how they should behave and often watch them.

Companionate grandparents

act as supports and buddies for grandchildren

Remote grandparents

detached, distant, and show little interest in their grandchildren.

Continuers

Schlossberg, part-time or volunteer work to remain at least partially active in work

Involved spectators

Schlossberg, back-seat role in staying connected w/previous job

Adventurers

explore new pursuits; maybe a new line of work

Searchers

try different activities, looking for a way to spend retirement

Easy gliders

don’t worry; take each day as it comes

Retreaters

become depressed, withdrawn; stop looking for meaningful path

continuing care facility/community

environment where all residents are of retirement age or older and are provided various levels of care.

Assisted living

people live in independent housing but are supported by medical providers to their required extent.

Adult daycare facilities

older individuals receive care only during the day but spend nights and weekends in their own home.

Skilled nursing facilities

most intense institutions, provide full-time nursing care for people who have chronic illnesses or are recovering from a temporary medical condition.

institutionalism

a psychological state in which people develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves.

Learned hopelessness

belief that one has no control over one’s environment