U5a - Decolonization, New Nationalism, and New States

Gandhi

Usually referred to by his sobriquet "Mahatma" (Great Soul), (1869-1948) he was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian drive for independence from Great Britain.

Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Muslim League

an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in the autonomous government of GB's Indian dominion. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. It stood for leading a united, secular, and democratic India tio independence.

Subhas Chandra Bose

Leader of Indian National Congress faction who believed violence in defense of Indian nationalism was justifiable; Assisted by the Japanese during WW2, he formed the Indian National Army and fought against the British in SE Asia. Died in a plane crash in 1945.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Born 1876, died 1948. Founder of Pakistan.
Leader of All-India Muslim League (1913-1947); Rose to prominence as a member of the Congress Party, but abandoned it to support a separate state in South Asia for Muslims (Lahore Resolution, 1940). He was Governor General of Pakistan until his death in 1948.

Globalization of. Democracy

Late twentieth-century political shift that brought popular movements, multiparty elections, and new constitutions to countries around the world. A feature of the last two of the "three waves of democracy." The first was in the 19th century; the second referred to new states emerging after WW2; the third to liberal governments established after the overthrow of authoritarian leaders as the Cold War ebbed.

Amritsar Massacre

To protest the Rowlatt Act, Indians gathered in Amritsar in 1919, where British troops fired on the crowd killing several hundred. This sparked further protests.

Satyagraha

a policy of passive political resistance, especially that advocated by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India.

Swaraj

Gandhi's message to people of India about self-rule. Swaraj literally means "self rule."

Government of India Act (1935)

Was the last pre-independence constitution of the British Raj. It granted Indian provinces autonomy. Direct elections are introduced for the first time. The right to vote was increased from seven million to thirty-five million.

Lahore Resolution

Jinnah's 1940 commitment to two separate Indian states - one Muslim, the other secular.

Pakistan Independence

August 14, 1947. The creation of a single state for South Asia's Muslims divided by geography into two parts.

Indian Independence

August 14, 1947. A secular republic emerges in South Asia from the former British dominion.

Partition

The period following the independence of India and Pakistan in which Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs migrated in millions.

Kashmir

A region in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent; India and Pakistan dispute control of it.

ISI

Import substitution industrialization is a trade and economic policy which advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. ISI is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products.

License Raj

India's highly bureaucratized and politicized mercantilist system of licenses, permits, and quotas governing virtually all aspects of the economy. It characterized the Indian economy from the 1940s to the early 1990s.

NAM

Non Aligned Movement. It was founded at the Bandung Conference in 1955.

Indira Gandhi

Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. She was also prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977. Instigated "the Emergency."

Bangladesh Liberation War

March to December 1971, East Pakistan led a rebellion aided by India to separate itself from West Pakistan.

The Emergency

Period of temporary dictatorial rule imposed by Indira Gandhi from 1975 to 1977.

Forced Sterilization Campaign

During the Emergency, the Indira Gandhi administration pursued a population control strategy with sterilization quotas.

Operation Blue Star

A 1984 military operation called by Indira Gandhi while she was in office as prime minister. The indian army attacked the Golden Temple, the holiest place for the Sikhs to remove separists led by Jarnail Bhrindanwale who was amassing weapons in the Golden temple. In retaliation, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards.

BJP

Bharatiya Janata Party - a Hindu nationalist party that currently dominates Indian politics.

King Farouk

Egypt's last ruling king 1936-1952; shared control with Britain; son of King Faud. Overthrown by the Free Officers Movement.

Free Officers Movement

Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; initially allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952.

Muslim Brotherhood

Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government. Broke with Nasser after 1954.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against Israel, and promoted socialist development policies. Supported Pan Arabism but opposed militant Islam.

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Pan Arabism

A movement that calls for unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation.

UAR

United Arab Republic of Egypt and Syria. It existed from 1958 to 1961.

Six Day War

(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

UN Res. 242

A 1967 UN Security Council Resolution according to which Israel was encouraged to cede land conquered in the Six-Day War (esp. the West Bank) for peace with its neighbors.

Yom Kippur War

Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in October 1973 (on Yom Kippur). US support of Israel in this conflict prompted the OPEC oil embargo on Western countries and economic turmoil in the 1970s.

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian statesman who followed Nasser. Unlke Nasser, he sought US support and negotiated a peace treaty with Israel's Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel) (1918-1981)

Hosni Mubarak

President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his polices of cooperation with the West. He was overthrown in the Arab Spring uprsing of 2011.

Arab Spring Revolts

The desire of many Arab countries to achieve democratic opportunities, leading to the removal of some of these dictators in 2011.

Gold Coast

Colonial name of Ghana.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first president.

Ghanaian Independence

gained independence in 1957, was the first country in Africa to gain its independence.

Pan Africanism

A movement that stressed unity among all Africans promoted by Kwame Nkrumah.

OAU

Organization of African Unity, promoted cooperation among members, supported independence and sough peaceful settlements of disputes.

Indonesian War of Independence

1945-1949 Indonesian struggle for independence from the Netherlands after the 1942-1945 Japanese occupation was over; ended colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies

Pancasila

the Five Principles of the Indonesian constitution: belief in God, nationalism, humanitarianism, social justice, and democracy

Sukarno

Leader of Indonesian independence movement; first president of Indonesia, 1949-1960.

Bandung Conference

Conference in Indonesia (1955) at which twenty-nine nonaligned nations met.

Guided Democracy

the name given by President Sukarno of Indonesia in the late 1950s to his style of government, which theoretically operated by consensus.

PKI Direct Action

Communist land seizures in Indonesia that prompted a coup in 1965.

The Year of Living Dangerously

1965 Coup year in Indonesia that led to the ousting of Sukarno from power and the repression of socialists, communists, and Chinese by the Indonesian military.

Suharto

(1921-) President of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998; he seized power in Indonesia from Sukarno in a coup d'état. His authoritarian and corrupt rule eventually led to his ouster.

New Order

Suharto's program of technocratic authoritarianism.

Indonesia Invades East Timor

In 1975, Suharto invaded the former Portuguese colony and quashed its independence movement.

Asian Financial Crisis

Started in Indonesia in 1997, caused stock markets to crash, and reversed economic growth. It led to Suharto's downfall.

Performance Legitimacy

The capacity of a regime to generate public acceptance and a sense of rightfulness through the delivery of favourable economic and social outcomes.

Santri Muslims

Indonesian orthodox muslims who strive to eliminate local influences from religious practice.

Abangan Muslims

Indonesian Muslims who practice forms of Islam that reflect traditional Indonesian culture.