nclex study set

receptive aphasia

a language disorder that affects the ability to understand spoken language (wernicke’s aphasia)

aphasia

a communication disorder that affects a person's ability to speak, understand, read, and write

dysarthria

a motor speech disorder where the muscles involved in speaking are weak or don't work as they should, leading to slurred or difficult-to-understand speech

diplopia

double vision

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

pronator drift

a clinical sign in neurology, indicating weakness of the upper motor neurons. It's characterized by the forearm turning in (pronating) and the arm dropping downwards when the patient tries to hold their arms extended with palms up. This sign is often observed in patients with neurological conditions like stroke

contraindications of TPA administration in stroke patients

>4.5 hrs from symptom onset

active bleeding

recent brain/spinal surgery

uncontrolled htn

low platelets/high PT/INR

hemineglect / unilateral neglect

a neurological disorder characterized by a reduced awareness or inability to attend to stimuli on one side of space, usually the left side

hemianopsia

vision loss in half of the visual field in both eyes. This means a person might only see the left or right half of their world

hypoparathyroidism causes what electrolyte imbalances

hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia

rule with phosphate binders medication (ex. calcium carbonate)

always dissolved, never chewed (drink 8oz water, take w/ meals or right after)

IV fluid for tx of hyponatremia

0.9% NaCl

tx for hyponatremia cx by excess fluid

fluid restriction, loop diuretics

potassium sparing diuretics

spironolactone, amiloride

electrolyte complication of thiazide and loop diuretics

hypokalemia

manifestations of hypokalemia

weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps; if severe: flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, cardiac dysrhythmias

foods high in potassium

fish, avocado, spinach, strawberries, tomato, bananas, cantelope, carrots, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork, beef, raisins

dehydration causes high or low BUN levels

high

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Urea nitrogen is a waste product produced by the liver when it breaks down protein. Healthy kidneys filter urea nitrogen out of the blood and excrete it in urine

hematocrit

a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a person's blood

Urine specific gravity (USG)

a measure of the concentration of dissolved substances in urine, compared to the density of water. It reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine, and can indicate hydration status and kidney function

dehydration causes lower or higher urine specific gravity levels

higher

s/s of dehydration

tachycardia, postural hypotension, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, flat neck & hand veins, dec. urine output, weight loss, confusion and lethargy

albuterol type of med

short-acting beta agonist

salmeterol type of med

long-acting beta agonists

fluticasone type of med

inhaled corticosteroid

IV potassium chloride can cause what

extravasation

IM injection site for infants

vastus lateralis (top thigh)is the preferred site for administering intramuscular injections in infants, as it is well developed and away from major nerves and blood vessels.

rifampin side effects

orange secretions, interferes with contraceptives

isoniazid risks

hepatotoxicity (jaundice, anorexia)

common tx for acute otitis externa

ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

for otic med admin in adults (>3 yo) the ear gets pulled:

up

for otic med admin in children (<3 yo) the ear gets pulled:

down

how long should nurse leave needle in place after administering IM injection?

10 seconds to allow for complete absorption.

isotonic crystalloid types

0.9% sodium chloride, Lactated ringers

what type of solution is administered to patients with inc ICP

hypertonic solutions like 3% sodium chloride

fluid tx for severe hyponatremia:

hypertonic solution like 3% sodium chloride

common cx of viral gastroenteritis

norovirus, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus.

common cx for bacterial gastroenteritis

salmonella, shigella, E. coli

Tx for inc ICP

mannitol

recommended peripheral infusion rate for potassium chloride

5-10 mEq/hr

hypoaldosteronism

a condition marked by decreased synthesis or diminished release of aldosterone (ALD) from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands, or resistance to its action on target tissues

can you crush potassium chloride tablets?

no

complication of mastectomy with axillary lymph node removal

lymphedema

measures for avoiding lymphedema

avoidance of injections, blood pressures, and venipuncture in affect arm

mottled skin

a skin condition characterized by a bluish-red, lace-like or web-like pattern on the skin, typically on the arms, legs, or trunk

hyperemesis gravidarum

a severe form of morning sickness during pregnancy characterized by persistent and excessive nausea and vomiting, potentially leading to dehydration, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies

isotonic fluid function/use

expand only the extracellular fluid and are uses as a fluid replacement for clients with fluid volume deficit

types of medications contraindicated for NG administration

enteric coated, slow-, extended-, or sustained-release (should not be crushed of NG admin)

IV push medications should NEVER be given through a VAD that..

is infusing blood products or parental nutrition

covid-19 precautions

airborne and contact

RSV precautions

contact and droplet

common meds that can cx orthostatic hypotension

antihypertensives, antidepressants, opiods

standard dose for heparin flush of CVC

doses of 2-3 mL containing 10 units/mL - 100 units/mL are the standard

how often should occlusive dressing of CVC be changed?

every 7 days

examples of calcium channel blockers

nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine

peripherally acting calcium channel blockers can cause:

vasodilation (clients may develop peripheral edema)

an expected side effect of nitroglycerin is:

headache

precautions varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox)

airborne and contact

precautions for herpes-zoster virus

airborne and contact

Romberg test

a physical exam used to assess balance and coordination, particularly related to the body's sense of position and movement (proprioception)

toxic megacolon

a serious condition where the colon (large intestine) swells significantly, potentially leading to severe complications and even death. complication of c. diff

status epilepticus

rapid succession of seizures without regaining conciousness

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)

is a treatment that uses controlled suction to help wounds heal

immunization site for children <7 months

vastus lateralis (anterolateral thigh)

clients who are truly allergic to penicillins (anaphylaxis) have inc. risk of allergy to..

other beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalexin)

normal hydromorphone dose PRN

1.5 mg every 3-4 hr

type of isolation required for Ebola

airborne, droplet, contact

common infections that need airborne precautions

measles, tuberculosis, varicella, SARS

impetigo

a common and contagious bacterial skin infection, typically appearing as red, itchy sores that can blister and ooze

pertussis

respiratory infection caused by bacterium Bordetella pertussis

type of precautions for pertussis

droplet

povidone-iodine

betadinewhat

what common food allergies can be linked to latex allergy

bananas, avocados, tomatoes

morphine use in unstable angina

dec. preload and work on the heart

type A aortic dissection

involves ascending aorta,

type B aortic dissection

confined to aorta distal to subclavian artery

Marfan Syndrome

a genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, which provides support for the body and organs. This can lead to a variety of issues, particularly affecting the heart and blood vessels, eyes, and skeletal system

virchow’s triad

altered blood flow (venous stasis), endothelial damage, and hypercoagulable state

venous stasis

this refers to the slowing or stagnation of blood flow in the veins, which can be caused by prolonged immobility, surgery, or conditions like varicose veins. When blood flow is sluggish, it increases the likelihood of platelets and clotting factors coming into contact and forming a clot. 

endothelial injury

The endothelium is the inner lining of blood vessels. Damage to this lining, whether from injury, inflammation, or disease, exposes the underlying tissue and triggers the body's clotting cascade. This can happen due to trauma, surgery, or even conditions like atherosclerosis. 

hypercoagulability

This refers to an increased tendency of the blood to clot, either due to inherited conditions (like Factor V Leiden) or acquired factors (like certain medications, pregnancy, or cancer). Hypercoagulability can lead to an overactive clotting response, increasing the risk of clot formation. 

d-dimer

protein released when a clot breaks up, high levels indicate that body is trying to break up a clot (diagnostic for DVT)

cardiac enzymes that inc. w/ MI

troponin, myoglobin, CK-MB

dressler syndrome

a type of pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart) that can occur after damage to the heart muscle, often following a heart attack or heart surgery.

manifestations of cardiac tamponade

narrowed pulse pressure, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension, pulsus paradoxus

intermittent claudication is a hallmark sign of what?

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

intermittent claudication

a condition characterized by muscle pain, cramping, or discomfort in the legs, typically the calf, that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

low ankle-brachial index indicates:

peripheral artery disease

components of vasodilation

inc. blood vessel diameter, inc. blood flow, dec. blood pressure

acute disseminated intravascular dissemination

inc. PT/PTT, dec. platelets & fibrinogen, fragmented RBCs, inc. d-dimer

clients using a cane should always hold it in which hand

hand of the stronger side

possible complication of PEEP

barotrauma

valsalva manuever

breath in, hold it, bear down (used when removing chest tubes)

when should chest x-ray be performed after removal of a chest tubes

within 2-24 hours after removal

intermediate-acting insulin names

NPH (cloudy suspension)

short-acting insulin names

regularr

rapid-acting insulin names

lispro, aspart

can intermediate-acting insulin be mixed with short- or rapid-acting insulins?

yes

proper order for mixing insulins

draw up regular (short-acting) insulin first, followed by NPH (intermediate-acting) insulin in the same syringe