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110 Terms

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receptive aphasia

a language disorder that affects the ability to understand spoken language (wernicke’s aphasia)

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aphasia

a communication disorder that affects a person's ability to speak, understand, read, and write

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dysarthria

a motor speech disorder where the muscles involved in speaking are weak or don't work as they should, leading to slurred or difficult-to-understand speech

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diplopia

double vision

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dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

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pronator drift

a clinical sign in neurology, indicating weakness of the upper motor neurons. It's characterized by the forearm turning in (pronating) and the arm dropping downwards when the patient tries to hold their arms extended with palms up. This sign is often observed in patients with neurological conditions like stroke

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contraindications of TPA administration in stroke patients

>4.5 hrs from symptom onset

active bleeding

recent brain/spinal surgery

uncontrolled htn

low platelets/high PT/INR

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hemineglect / unilateral neglect

a neurological disorder characterized by a reduced awareness or inability to attend to stimuli on one side of space, usually the left side

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hemianopsia

vision loss in half of the visual field in both eyes. This means a person might only see the left or right half of their world

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hypoparathyroidism causes what electrolyte imbalances

hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia

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rule with phosphate binders medication (ex. calcium carbonate)

always dissolved, never chewed (drink 8oz water, take w/ meals or right after)

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IV fluid for tx of hyponatremia

0.9% NaCl

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tx for hyponatremia cx by excess fluid

fluid restriction, loop diuretics

14
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potassium sparing diuretics

spironolactone, amiloride

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electrolyte complication of thiazide and loop diuretics

hypokalemia

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manifestations of hypokalemia

weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps; if severe: flaccid paralysis, hyporeflexia, cardiac dysrhythmias

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foods high in potassium

fish, avocado, spinach, strawberries, tomato, bananas, cantelope, carrots, mushrooms, oranges, potatoes, pork, beef, raisins

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dehydration causes high or low BUN levels

high

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Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Urea nitrogen is a waste product produced by the liver when it breaks down protein. Healthy kidneys filter urea nitrogen out of the blood and excrete it in urine

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hematocrit

a blood test that measures the percentage of red blood cells in a person's blood

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Urine specific gravity (USG)

a measure of the concentration of dissolved substances in urine, compared to the density of water. It reflects the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine, and can indicate hydration status and kidney function

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dehydration causes lower or higher urine specific gravity levels

higher

23
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s/s of dehydration

tachycardia, postural hypotension, dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, flat neck & hand veins, dec. urine output, weight loss, confusion and lethargy

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albuterol type of med

short-acting beta agonist

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salmeterol type of med

long-acting beta agonists

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fluticasone type of med

inhaled corticosteroid

27
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IV potassium chloride can cause what

extravasation

28
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IM injection site for infants

vastus lateralis (top thigh)is the preferred site for administering intramuscular injections in infants, as it is well developed and away from major nerves and blood vessels.

29
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rifampin side effects

orange secretions, interferes with contraceptives

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isoniazid risks

hepatotoxicity (jaundice, anorexia)

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common tx for acute otitis externa

ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin

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for otic med admin in adults (>3 yo) the ear gets pulled:

up

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for otic med admin in children (<3 yo) the ear gets pulled:

down

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how long should nurse leave needle in place after administering IM injection?

10 seconds to allow for complete absorption.

35
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isotonic crystalloid types

0.9% sodium chloride, Lactated ringers

36
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what type of solution is administered to patients with inc ICP

hypertonic solutions like 3% sodium chloride

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fluid tx for severe hyponatremia:

hypertonic solution like 3% sodium chloride

38
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common cx of viral gastroenteritis

norovirus, rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus.

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common cx for bacterial gastroenteritis

salmonella, shigella, E. coli

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Tx for inc ICP

mannitol

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recommended peripheral infusion rate for potassium chloride

5-10 mEq/hr

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hypoaldosteronism

a condition marked by decreased synthesis or diminished release of aldosterone (ALD) from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal glands, or resistance to its action on target tissues

43
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can you crush potassium chloride tablets?

no

44
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complication of mastectomy with axillary lymph node removal

lymphedema

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measures for avoiding lymphedema

avoidance of injections, blood pressures, and venipuncture in affect arm

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mottled skin

a skin condition characterized by a bluish-red, lace-like or web-like pattern on the skin, typically on the arms, legs, or trunk

<p><span>a skin condition characterized by a bluish-red, lace-like or web-like pattern on the skin, typically on the arms, legs, or trunk</span></p>
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hyperemesis gravidarum

a severe form of morning sickness during pregnancy characterized by persistent and excessive nausea and vomiting, potentially leading to dehydration, weight loss, and nutritional deficiencies

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isotonic fluid function/use

expand only the extracellular fluid and are uses as a fluid replacement for clients with fluid volume deficit

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types of medications contraindicated for NG administration

enteric coated, slow-, extended-, or sustained-release (should not be crushed of NG admin)

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IV push medications should NEVER be given through a VAD that..

is infusing blood products or parental nutrition

51
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covid-19 precautions

airborne and contact

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RSV precautions

contact and droplet

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common meds that can cx orthostatic hypotension

antihypertensives, antidepressants, opiods

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standard dose for heparin flush of CVC

doses of 2-3 mL containing 10 units/mL - 100 units/mL are the standard

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how often should occlusive dressing of CVC be changed?

every 7 days

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examples of calcium channel blockers

nifedipine, amlodipine, felodipine

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peripherally acting calcium channel blockers can cause:

vasodilation (clients may develop peripheral edema)

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an expected side effect of nitroglycerin is:

headache

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precautions varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox)

airborne and contact

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precautions for herpes-zoster virus

airborne and contact

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Romberg test

a physical exam used to assess balance and coordination, particularly related to the body's sense of position and movement (proprioception)

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toxic megacolon

a serious condition where the colon (large intestine) swells significantly, potentially leading to severe complications and even death. complication of c. diff

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status epilepticus

rapid succession of seizures without regaining conciousness

64
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Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT)

is a treatment that uses controlled suction to help wounds heal

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immunization site for children <7 months

vastus lateralis (anterolateral thigh)

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clients who are truly allergic to penicillins (anaphylaxis) have inc. risk of allergy to..

other beta-lactam antibiotics (cephalexin)

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normal hydromorphone dose PRN

1.5 mg every 3-4 hr

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type of isolation required for Ebola

airborne, droplet, contact

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common infections that need airborne precautions

measles, tuberculosis, varicella, SARS

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impetigo

a common and contagious bacterial skin infection, typically appearing as red, itchy sores that can blister and ooze

<p><span>a common and contagious bacterial skin infection, typically appearing as red, itchy sores that can blister and ooze</span></p>
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pertussis

respiratory infection caused by bacterium Bordetella pertussis

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type of precautions for pertussis

droplet

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povidone-iodine

betadinewhat

74
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what common food allergies can be linked to latex allergy

bananas, avocados, tomatoes

75
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morphine use in unstable angina

dec. preload and work on the heart

76
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type A aortic dissection

involves ascending aorta,

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type B aortic dissection

confined to aorta distal to subclavian artery

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Marfan Syndrome

a genetic disorder that affects connective tissue, which provides support for the body and organs. This can lead to a variety of issues, particularly affecting the heart and blood vessels, eyes, and skeletal system

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virchow’s triad

altered blood flow (venous stasis), endothelial damage, and hypercoagulable state

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venous stasis

this refers to the slowing or stagnation of blood flow in the veins, which can be caused by prolonged immobility, surgery, or conditions like varicose veins. When blood flow is sluggish, it increases the likelihood of platelets and clotting factors coming into contact and forming a clot. 

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endothelial injury

The endothelium is the inner lining of blood vessels. Damage to this lining, whether from injury, inflammation, or disease, exposes the underlying tissue and triggers the body's clotting cascade. This can happen due to trauma, surgery, or even conditions like atherosclerosis. 

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hypercoagulability

This refers to an increased tendency of the blood to clot, either due to inherited conditions (like Factor V Leiden) or acquired factors (like certain medications, pregnancy, or cancer). Hypercoagulability can lead to an overactive clotting response, increasing the risk of clot formation. 

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d-dimer

protein released when a clot breaks up, high levels indicate that body is trying to break up a clot (diagnostic for DVT)

84
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cardiac enzymes that inc. w/ MI

troponin, myoglobin, CK-MB

85
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dressler syndrome

a type of pericarditis (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart) that can occur after damage to the heart muscle, often following a heart attack or heart surgery.

86
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manifestations of cardiac tamponade

narrowed pulse pressure, muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins

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intermittent claudication is a hallmark sign of what?

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

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intermittent claudication

a condition characterized by muscle pain, cramping, or discomfort in the legs, typically the calf, that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

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low ankle-brachial index indicates:

peripheral artery disease

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components of vasodilation

inc. blood vessel diameter, inc. blood flow, dec. blood pressure

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acute disseminated intravascular dissemination

inc. PT/PTT, dec. platelets & fibrinogen, fragmented RBCs, inc. d-dimer

92
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clients using a cane should always hold it in which hand

hand of the stronger side

93
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possible complication of PEEP

barotrauma

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valsalva manuever

breath in, hold it, bear down (used when removing chest tubes)

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when should chest x-ray be performed after removal of a chest tubes

within 2-24 hours after removal

96
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intermediate-acting insulin names

NPH (cloudy suspension)

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short-acting insulin names

regularr

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rapid-acting insulin names

lispro, aspart

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can intermediate-acting insulin be mixed with short- or rapid-acting insulins?

yes

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proper order for mixing insulins

draw up regular (short-acting) insulin first, followed by NPH (intermediate-acting) insulin in the same syringe