exam 2 humans anatomy and physology

Name at least 5 tissues found in the bone

Osseous tissue - connective tissue by hardening calcium phosphate

Compact bone,

Sponges bone

Bone marrow -red and yellow

Cartilage

Periosteum and endosteum

Those three or more functions of the skeletal system other than supporting and protecting the internal organs

It allows for limb movement such as breathing, it allows for electrolyte balance of calcium and false pate, and it also allows for blood formation from the red, bone marrow producing immune cells and blood

Describe the anatomical difference between compact bond and spongy bone and their spatial relationship to the long and flat bone

Compact bone is mainly made of osteon Making it harder where a spongy bone is mainly made of tiny boney spikes of trabeculae. In the long bone, the spongy bone is in the middle, whereas the compact bone completely circles around it whereas in flat bones, they are sandwiched on top of each other

Name the anatomical terms for the shaft, head growth, zones, and fibrous covering of the long Bone

Diaphysis for the shaft, epiphysis for the head epiphyseal plate and periosteum covering

Suppose you have an unlabeled electron micrograph of four kinds of bone cells and their neighboring tissues name the four cells and how would you visibly distinguish them from the other three

Osteogenic styles are stem cells that develop from the embryonic bison they look like a simple squamous cell In the inner layer of the periosteum

Osteoblast are bone forming cells that synthesize organic matter promoting mineralization. These are more columnar shaped with a rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretary bicycles within them.

Osteocytes are former osteoblast and they live in lacuna And they have dendrites on the outer surface of them

Osteoplast are bone, dissolving cells shaped more like a comb and are unusually large

Name three organic components of the bone matrix

The organic Matter in the matrix is proteoglycans, glycoproteins and carbohydrate complexes, including collagen, protein, and osteoblast

What are the mineral crystals of bone called and what are they made of?

The crystals are made of hydroxoyapatite Which is primarily composed of calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide

What are two kinds of bone marrow what does hematopoietic Mean which type of bone marrow fits this description

You have yellow and red bone marrow, hematopoietic Tissue is the red bone marrow that is responsible for producing red blood cells which will produce also white blood cells or leukocytes and platelets

Describe the stages of membranes Classification name a bone that forms this way

Mesenchyme cells cluster to make a fibrous connective tissue, then differentiate into osteoblast Creating a pre-bone tissue

Osteoblast, then produced dendrites that deep deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals in on the collagen fibers of the osteoid tissues, making the matrix and thus calcifying the osteoid

Then the formation of trabecula or spongy bone will then grow blood vessels and the mass and chemo cells that did not differentiate into osteoblast become the periosteum

An example bone is the flat cranial bone

Describe endochondroma

End is when the bound develops from pre-existing model of hairline cartilage where the classification center starts from the hayline cartilage, then vascular invasion forming a Merrill cavity in the ossification center then bone at birth has primarily marrow cavity and not a lotL Centers the bone of a child will then make a plate at the distal end, and the adult bone will have a single marrow cavity, enclosed by epiphyseal plate

How does wolf explain the structural differences between the bones of manchild and the bones of a young adult?

Bones lost states that the bone adapt to the structure and density and response to the mechanical stress enforces upon it

A child’s bone is more flexible with higher collagen content and is more prone to bone Bending, and this is so when the child comes out of the pubic outlet, it can morph through birth as the child grows. It goes through remodeling and growth spurts the bones forming together along sutures in cartilage.

Why is it important to regulate blood calcium with such a Narrow range?

Calcium is involved in a lot of physiological processes like muscle Contraction nerve function, blood clotting, and enzyme hormonal function if thrown out of loop then a person may experience muscle cramps, or spasms and numbness and tingling, impossible seizures

What effect does calcitonin have on blood calcium concentration how does this produces affect? Answer the same question for a parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin lowers blood, calcium concentration by inhibiting bone reabsorption in increasing calcium excretion to the kidneys and reducing calcium absorption and intestines Castleton is secreted by the thyroid gland and response to high blood calcium levels and will be excreted by the kidneys

Parathyroid hormone increases blood, calcium concentration by stimulating bone, absorption, enhancing calcium, reabsorption, and kidneys and stimulating, vitamin D activation, secreted by the parathyroid glands and responses to a low blood calcium levels

How is vitamin deemphasize and what effect does it have on blood calcium concentration

Vitamin D is synthesized via the skin, liver kidneys an axis of hormone to regulate blood, calcium by enhancing intestinal, absorption, stimulation of bone, reabsorption, and reducing calcium excretion from the kidneys

Name and describe four types of bone fractures

Overall, it stress factor is caused by an abnormal trauma to the bone where a pathological fracture is due to a fracture from a disease non-displaced fractures is when one piece of the bone is broken, but remains improper alignment. Displace means one part of the bone is out of proper alignment. Comminuted means the bone broke in 3 places. Green stick means one part of the bone is still attached properly while the other one bends out of place

Would osteomyelitis occur more likely in a closed fracture or a open fracture?

Osteomyelitis is far more likely to open an open fracture because that is when broken bone pierces through the skin creating a direct pathway for bacteria and contaminants to enter the bones surrounding tissue or as a closed fracture. No bacteria is invading.

Where is a cow and how does it contribute to a fracture repair

A callous is a fiberglass deposit of collagen, and it holds the bone temporarily in place as the bone remodels during repair

Name the major components of the axial skeleton name those of the appendicular skeleton

Main components of the Axel skeleton, are the skull l, thoracic cage, and pelvic girdle.

The main components of the appendicular skeleton is the limbs, and pectoral Girdle

Explain why the adult does not have as many bones as a child does explain why weren’t adult may have more bones than another

When a child is born, it has mainly cartilage instead of bone. Additionally, it has 270 bones well as an adult has 206 bones fusing with age an adult might have an extra bone. Such as a sesamoid bone or bones that form from tendons that respond to strain or extra skull bones called a sutural bone

Briefly described the following bone features a condyle fossa sulcus foreman

Condyle- rounded knob that articulates one bone to another

Tubercle a small rounded process

Fossa shallow basin

Sulcus A grew for attendance, nerve or blood vessel