kant

What are the laws of nature? What are the laws of morality (also called the laws of

freedom)

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Laws of nature are those laws according to which everything does happen. I

cannot break or against these laws

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Laws of morality (freedom) are those laws according to which everything oght to

happen

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Since I can contrary to these laws, the laws also consider how such

contradiction can occur

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As an autonomous rational being, I legislate these laws based on argued

from the categorical imperative ( the supreme principal of morality)

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These laws are not relative to the individual

What is ethics? What is morality?

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Ethics is the material philosophy that concerns the laws of freedom, specifically,

the science that teaches how a rational being can be worthy of happiness.

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Morality is the relation of actions to the autonomy of the will, my estimations of

my actions.

What is empirical Philosophy? What is pure philosophy? What is the difference? Which

is kant focusing on here?

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Empirical philosophy is philosophy that is argued a posteriori, from experience

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Pure philosophy is philosophy that is argued solely from a priori principles,

principles that make experiences even possible.

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Pure philosophy arguments are necessary and universal, but empirical

philosophies arguments are contingent and particular

-

Kant is focusing on pure philosophy here.

4. What is a metaphysics of morals?

-

Since Metaphysics is a philosophy that is grounded entirely on a priori principles

and concerts particular objects of understanding, a metaphysics of morals would

provide the necessary and universal priori principles concerning how human

beings ought to practice freedom and become worthy of happiness

5. What is the goal or purpose of Kant's grounding?

-

To locate the supreme principle of morality - the principle which is the ultimate

ground on which all moral experience, decision and argument is based - in

reason itself, a prori, not based on experience, but providing the condition by

which ethical experience is even possible.

What is the supreme principle of morality

-

The categorical imperative

7. What is happiness for Kant?

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The satisfaction of my needs and inclinations

What is the role of freedom(in relation to freedom)

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To guide and direct the will to act from duty rather than from inclination and to

establish a good will.

9. What is duty? BE complete

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The objective necessity of an action which results from my subjective respect for

moral law.

0. What is a maxim

-

A subjective rule, my personal rule, norm or disposition for my will based on

experience and preferences ( can be good or bad in relation to duty)

What gives an action moral worth?

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An action has moral worth if and only if it is done by a good will from duty foir the

sake of moral law.

What do I respect for Kant and what is the proper object of that respect?

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Respect is the recognition of the authority of reason

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The subordination of my will to the moral law, which is the law imposed on me by

reason and rationality.

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Which ought to result in the immediate determination of my will by the moral law

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Because this law represents a higher worth than just my selfish wants

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The object is the moral law.

What is the only point the "four cases" are intended to show?

The purpose of the four cases is only to show this point: the moral worth of an

action has to be sought in whether it is done from duty because the moral worth

cannot be found anywhere else with necessity and universality.

What are the three propositions of morality?

An Acton must be done from duty in order ro have any moral worth.

-

An action has its moral worth in the maxim according to which the action is

determined

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Duty is only the objective necessity of an action which results from a rational

beings respect for the moral l ssvbmn,,cxaw.

What is the will?

The ability of a rational being to act according to his/her own conception of laws,

according to principles.

What are hypothetical imperatives and how do these differ from categorical

imperative?

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Empirically based commands which represent the practical necessity of a

possible course of action as a means for attaining an outcome I want

-

These can be good or evil

. What is the categorical imperative? Why are there multiple formulations?

A categorical imperative would be a command of reason that shows an action to

be objectively necessary in itself, regardless of my subjective situation.

-

The categorical imperative is the supreme principal of morality stated in the

formula of universal law.

What is the formula of universal law?

-

I ought to act only according to that maxim that I can at the same time will to be a

universal law

Why would I act contrary to duty?

I act contrary to duty when I seek to be an exception to the objective necessity of

the duty - either just this once or just to my advantage - to get what I subjectively

want.

What are the two standpoints from which to consider myself?

I consider myself objectively from the standpoint of reason and its law, but also

subjectively from the perspective of my will which ought to be guided by reason,

but is affected by inclination, and so actions which are objectively necessary are

also subjectively contingent.

What is the formula of humanity as an end?

Act only according to that maxim which treated humanity, whether in the person f

myself or another, as an end in itself and never simply as a means to a further

goal.

Why is a rational being an end in itself?

Because each and every rational being is the legislator of the law which he or

she is subject

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Meaning that because each of us has reason and within reason itself is found the

law which objectively commands action which are necessary.

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And because I have respect for the law

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I therefore must respect persons also as being irreplaceable, as having

unconditional worth.

What is autonomy? WHat is the formula of autonomy arguing?

Autonomy is the idea that as a rational being, the source of the law to which I am

subject is reason alone and my freedom consists in abiding by this law.

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The formula of autonomy is arguing that I ought to act only according to those

maxims which are consistent with rationality

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In essence, since I am autonomous, literally seolf legislating, I should not act

according to maxims that contradict my own reason and rationality

What is dignity? who /what has it and why?

Dignity is the unconditional and incomparable worth of a rational being as a

legislator of the universal law to which she or he is subject

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Every rational being has dignity as the one who can answer the call of duty and

act.

What is the kingdom of ends? What is the formula of the kingdom of ends arguing?

The kingdom ends is a merely possible systematic systematic union of rational

beings through common objective laws.

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The formula of the Kingdom of ends argues I ought to act only according to that

maxim which would not contradict the universal legislation of myself or other

rational beings in merely possible.

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This is not achievable, nor is it argued as such but rather is argued as an

important consideration of how my autonomy works/could work with the

autonomy of other rational beings to work for the highest good possible through

my efforts.

Why is the categorical imperative not reducible to the golden rule?

Because the golden rule is based in experience of what I would or wouldn't want

to happen to me

What is the difference between an autonomous and a heteronomous will?

An autonomous will is determined by reason, but a heteronomous will is

determined by desire

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An autonomous will is a good will, but a heteronomous will is an evil will

What is the actual definition of a good will?

The will whose maxim, when made into a universal law, cannot conflict with itself

because it always prefers duty over inclination when these are in conflict.

Why cant the argument be empirically based.?

Two reasons

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Becuase there has to be something that allows for me to even have moral

experience which itself cannot be based in experience.

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Because experience can provide nothing that is both necessary and universal,

and if there is going to be an actual obligation to duty, a necessitation of my will

that it ought to do this or that, then that duty must be there for every rational

being without exception, and so the necessity and universality required for

obligation must be found in a reason a priori.