HS 147 - Chapter 8

Acidosis

A condition characterized by high blood levels of acid, leading to a decrease in pH.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by blood that is too alkaline, leading to an increase in pH.

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD)

An isotonic decrease in the extracellular fluid (ECF) that represents a proportionate loss of sodium and water.

Electrolytes

Ionized or ionizable constituents of living cells that play crucial roles in various bodily functions.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid contained within all body cells, making up about two-thirds of total body water in healthy adults.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid located outside the cells, including interstitial fluid and plasma; it constitutes the remaining one-third of total body water.

Diffusion

The movement of charged or uncharged particles along a concentration gradient from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lesser particle concentration to an area of greater particle concentration.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that does not cause cells to shrink or swell.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that causes cells to swell due to an influx of water.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that causes cells to shrink due to water leaving the cells.

Edema

A condition characterized by palpable swelling produced by an expansion of interstitial fluid volume.

Pitting Edema

A type of edema where pressure applied to a swollen area leaves an indentation.

Non-Pitting Edema

A type of edema characterized by firmness and lack of indentation upon applying pressure.

Hyponatremia

A decrease in serum sodium concentration, often caused by an excess of water relative to sodium.

Hypernatremia

An increase in serum sodium concentration typically caused by a loss of body fluids.

Hypokalemia

A condition of low plasma potassium levels, which can lead to severe complications.

Hyperkalemia

An increase in plasma potassium levels, which can cause serious health issues.

Hypocalcemia

A deficiency of calcium in the blood, leading to symptoms like muscle spasms and neurological issues.

Hypercalcemia

Elevated levels of calcium in the blood, often leading to neuromuscular excitability and other serious conditions.

Hypophosphatemia

A phosphorus deficiency that can cause symptoms such as weakness and increased infection risk.

Hyperphosphatemia

High phosphorus levels that can occur due to chronic kidney disease and may lead to complications.

Hypomagnesemia

A deficiency of magnesium, which can result in symptoms like muscle cramping and seizures.

Hypermagnesemia

Excessive magnesium levels that can lead to serious complications, especially in the presence of renal failure.

Acid-Base Balance

The regulation of pH levels of bodily fluids, primarily managed by the kidneys and lungs.

Respiratory Acidosis

A condition resulting from the lungs' inability to remove carbon dioxide effectively.

Respiratory Alkalosis

A decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood, often caused by hyperventilation.

Metabolic Acidosis

A buildup of acid in the body due to kidney issues or loss of base.

Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition caused by a decrease in acid or an increase in bicarbonate.

Diabetes Insipidus

A condition characterized by deficiency of ADH, leading to excessive urination and thirst.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)

A condition characterized by excessive release of ADH, causing water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A hormone involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting sodium elimination.

Lactic Acidosis

A form of metabolic acidosis caused by an accumulation of lactic acid, often due to low oxygen availability.

Ketoacidosis

A condition characterized by the accumulation of keto acids in the blood, often seen in diabetes.

Salicylate Toxicity

A medical emergency caused by the overdose of salicylates, leading to metabolic derangements.

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume.

Active Transport

The movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring energy.

Homeostasis

The process by which an organism maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE)

An isotonic increase in extracellular fluid (ECF) that results in a greater amount of sodium and water.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A membrane protein that pumps sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, crucial for maintaining cellular function.

Acidic Urine

Urine with a low pH, often indicating a state of metabolic or respiratory acidosis.

Alkaline Urine

Urine with a high pH, which can be a sign of metabolic or respiratory alkalosis.

Fluid Shift

The movement of fluid between different body compartments, such as between ECF and ICF.

Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Balance

The process by which hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control the amount of water and electrolytes in the body.

Third Spacing

A condition where excess fluid accumulates in the interstitial space, resulting in reduced circulating blood volume and edema.