disease paths exam 5

what is the pathophysiology of HIV

destruction of CD4 cells

How is HIV transmitted

bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

What high risk behaviors are associated with HIV

unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission.

what immune cell type is affected in HIV

HIV primarily targets and destroys CD4 T cells, which are crucial for immune response.

what are the levels of CD4 cells as HIV progresses

As HIV progresses, CD4 cell levels decrease, initially falling from normal levels (around 500) to below 200 cells, indicating advanced immunosuppression and a progression to AIDS.

what are the signs and symptoms that are associated with AIDS

CD4 levels < 200 and an opportunistic infection

what is an opportunistic infection

An infection that occurs more frequently in individuals with weakened immune systems, often taking advantage of a compromised host. Examples include certain types of pneumonia, tuberculosis, and candidiasis.

what are the opportunistic infections associated with HIV

pneumocystic pneumonia and TB

How to prevent HIV prior to exposure

Utilizing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), practicing safe sex, and avoiding sharing needles.

How to prevent HIV post exposure

Involves the use of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which is a course of antiretroviral medication taken within 72 hours of potential exposure, along with testing and counseling.

what is the timeframe for post exposure prophylaxis?

What are the risk factors associated with cancer?

Risk factors for cancer include genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices such as smoking and diet, environmental exposures, and certain infections.

what are the modifiable behaviors that could prevent cancer?

Modifiable behaviors include quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, engaging in regular physical activity, limiting alcohol consumption, and protecting skin from UV exposure.

what are the top 3 modifiable behaviors that could prevent canecr?

The top three modifiable behaviors that could prevent cancer are quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity.

what chronic infections are associated with cancer?

Certain chronic infections associated with cancer include Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B and C viruses, and Helicobacter pylori, which can lead to different types of cancer.

what types of cancer have recommended screening tests?

Recommended screening tests are available for several types of cancer, including breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer, helping with early detection and treatment.

what are the local signs and symptoms of inflammation?

redness, heat, swelling and pain

what are the systemic signs and symptoms of inflammation?

Systemic signs and symptoms of inflammation include fever, malaise, fatigue, and leukocytosis, which reflect the body's overall response to injury or infection.

what is histamines role in the inflammatory process?

Histamine plays a crucial role in the inflammatory process by increasing blood vessel permeability, leading to redness and swelling. It also acts as a signal to immune cells to respond to injury or infection.

what are the 4 phases of wound healing

The four phases of wound healing are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling

what is wound healing by primary intention?

Wound healing by primary intention occurs when the edges of a wound are closely approximated, allowing for minimal tissue loss and a quicker healing process, typically resulting in less scarring.

what is wound healing by secondary intention?

Wound healing by secondary intention occurs when the edges of a wound are not approximated, leading to a larger tissue loss that requires the formation of new tissue and possibly more extensive scarring as the wound closes.

what is wound healing by tertiary intention?

Wound healing by tertiary intention, also known as delayed primary closure, occurs when a wound is intentionally left open for a period of time to allow for drainage or to reduce infection risk, and is later closed surgically.

what is eschar?

Eschar is a dry, thick, and necrotic tissue that forms over a wound as a result of tissue death, often seen in chronic wounds like pressure ulcers.

what are the factors that affect wound healing?

patient's age, overall health, nutrition, oxygenation, presence of infection, immune strength, foreign bodies, mechanical factors

what is dehiscence?

Dehiscence is the reopening or splitting of a wound at the surgical site, often due to improper healing or tension on the wound edges. It can lead to increased risk of infection and complications.

what is evisceration?

Evisceration is the protrusion of internal organs through a wound, typically occurring after dehiscence, and is considered a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention.

what are the types of dysfunctional wound healing?

keloid formation, contractures, stricture, fistula, and adhesion

what are the signs and symptoms of an electrical burn?

Signs include severe pain, skin burns, and numbness. “ice berg effect”

what are the complications of an electrical burn?

nerve and muscle damage and possible heart damage

what are the signs and symptoms of an inhalation injury

singed hair and nares, coughing up black sputum, increased RR

what is compartment syndrome?

A serious condition that occurs when pressure within the muscles builds to dangerous levels, potentially leading to muscle and nerve damage.

what are the signs and symptoms of compartment syndrome?

Signs include severe pain, swelling, and numbness, while symptoms may involve reduced range of motion and pulselessness.

what are the factors which decrease a host’s resistance to infection?

stress, steroids and nutritional status

what are the different types of pathogenic organisms?

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

What are the methods to prevent infection?

Preventive measures include hygiene practices, vaccinations, and proper wound care.

what are the 3 times you need to wash your hands with soap and water?

after toileting, visibly soiled hands, C. diff

what are the 5 moments you need to wash you hands when near a patient?

Before patient contact, before a procedure, after a procedure, after patient contact, and after contact with patient surroundings.

what are the infections that can lead to cancer?

Certain viral infections like HPV, Hepatitis B and C, and Epstein-Barr virus can increase the risk of developing cancer.

what is an antigen?

An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, often recognized by antibodies.

what is an antibody?

An antibody is a protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen, which helps identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

what is immunodeficiency?

Immunodeficiency is a condition in which the immune system's ability to fight infections is compromised or entirely absent, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases.

what is autoimmunity?

Autoimmunity is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, leading to various autoimmune diseases.

what are the 2 types of immunity?

innate and adaptive

what are the characteristics of innate immunity?

non specific, exposed to disease, get the vaccine

what are the innate immunity defenses?

skin, GI tract, enzymes in tears

what is adaptive immunity?

Adaptive immunity is the immune system's specific response to pathogens, characterized by memory and the ability to recognize specific antigens.

what are the charcteristics of adaptive immunity?

Adaptive immunity is specific, has memory, and develops over time after exposure to antigens.

what are the cells involved in adaptive immunity?

The cells involved in adaptive immunity include T cells (such as helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells) and B cells, which are responsible for targeting specific pathogens and producing antibodies.

what is the function of B cells?

The function of B cells is to produce antibodies that specifically target and neutralize pathogens, as well as to remember past infections for faster responses during future encounters.

how does a B cell get activated?

A B cell gets activated when it encounters an antigen that binds to its specific receptors, often with the help of helper T cells, leading to its proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

What are the types of T cells and their functions?

Types of T cells include helper T cells, which assist other immune cells, and cytotoxic T cells, which destroy infected or cancerous cells. Regulatory T cells also play a role in maintaining immune tolerance.

What is the function of IgM?

IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection, and it plays a critical role in the early stages of immunity by agglutinating pathogens and activating the complement system.

what is the function of IgG?

It is the most abundant antibody

what is the function of IgA

It plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity by protecting mucosal surfaces and is found in secretions like saliva, tears, and breast milk.

What is the function of IgD?

IgD is involved in the activation and regulation of B cells, serving as a receptor on their surface, and plays a role in initiating the immune response.

What is the function of IgE

IgE is primarily involved in mediating allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections. It binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils.

What is the function of dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. They capture, process, and present antigens to T cells, initiating the immune response.

what is the function of macrophages

Macrophages are immune cells that ingest and digest cellular debris, pathogens, and foreign substances through phagocytosis. They also play a vital role in presenting antigens to T cells and producing cytokines to regulate the immune response.

what is the function of B cells

B cells produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens, facilitating neutralization and elimination of pathogens. They also play a role in memory formation for future immune responses.

What is the function of CD4 cells

CD4 cells, also known as helper T cells, are crucial for coordinating the immune response by aiding in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells. They recognize antigens presented by dendritic cells and secrete cytokines that enhance the immune response.

what is the function of CD8 cells?

CD8 cells, also known as cytotoxic T cells, are responsible for directly killing infected or cancerous cells. They recognize specific antigens presented by infected cells and release perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis.

what is active acquired immunity?

Active acquired immunity is the immunity developed through exposure to pathogens, leading to the production of antibodies by B cells. It results from infection or vaccination, creating memory cells that provide long-term protection.

what is an example of active acquired immunity?

vaccine

what is passive acquired immunity?

Passive acquired immunity is the temporary immunity gained through the transfer of antibodies from another individual, such as through maternal antibodies in breast milk or through antibody injections.

what is an antibody titer?

An antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the concentration of antibodies in the blood, indicating the immune response to a specific pathogen or vaccine.

what does a negative antibody titer mean?

A negative antibody titer indicates that there are no detectable antibodies against a specific pathogen in the blood, suggesting a lack of immunity or prior exposure.

What does a positive antibody titer mean?

A positive antibody titer indicates the presence of detectable antibodies against a specific pathogen in the blood, signifying developed immunity or prior exposure.

what are the 4 types of hypersensitivity disorders?

The four types of hypersensitivity disorders are Type I (immediate), Type II (cytotoxic), Type III (immune complex-mediated), and Type IV (delayed-type). These classifications describe different immune responses to antigens.

which hypersensitivity disorder is associated with allergies and allergic reaction?

anaphylaxis

what type of hypersensitivity disorder is anaphylaxis?

Type I hypersensitivity disorder

What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

urticaria, bronchoconstriction, laryngeal edema, angioedema

Which antibody is associated with allergies and anaphylaxis

IgE

What chemical mediator causes the symptoms of anaphylaxis?

Histamine