ANTHRO 101 Intro to Human Osteology Flashcards

Remember to try to visualize each of these features,bones, or sutures in their respective view (superior inferior lateral posterior anterior to better understand how to identify and find each one)

What side of the body are you viewing when in Lateral View?

The side

What side of the body are you viewing in posterior view?

the back

What side of the body are viewing in Anterior View?

the front

How are you viewing the body when in Superior View?

From the top

How are you viewing the body when in Inferior View?

From the bottom/upside down

What does it mean when a bone is “proximal” to your body?

It is closer to the trunk of the body (base, middle of body, where all important organs are)

What does it mean when a bone is “distal” to your body?

The bone faces way from the trunk and is located further away from the trunk

What does it mean when a bone is “lateral” to your body?

It is located on the outside of the body

What does it mean when a bone is “medial” to your body?

It runs down the middle of the body and is the portion of the bone that is touching/closer to the middle

Foramen

An opening in the bone for passage of blood, nerves

Fossa

A pit like depression in the bone

Meatus

A short canal in the bone

Facet

A small articular surface on the bone or a point of contact

Process

A bony projection

Tuberosity

A large, rough projection for the tendon attachment

Tubercle

A small, rounded projection for the tendon attachment

Condyle

A rounded articular process

Articulation

An area where two adjacent bones are in contact

What are bones?

the core structural elements of the body

What are Features?

Characteristics of the bones, or parts of the bones themselves

What are sutures?

Immovable joints found between two bones

Name all 4 sutures on the skull

Coronal Suture

Sagittal Suture

Lambdoidal Suture

Squamosal Suture

Frontal Bone

Sectioned off by the Coronal Suture, forehead

Parietal Bones

Seperated by Sagittal suture, left and right versions known as parietal right and parietal left

Zygomatic Bones

The sideways arch found nearby the Squamosal Suture, otherwise known as cheekbones, best seen from anterior view of skull

Occipital Bone

Borderd off by the Lambdoidal Suture and persists underneath the skull, still seen in inferior view

Temporal Bones

Found directly underneath Squamosal Suture

Maxilla Bone

The top jaw

Mandible Bone

The bottom jaw

Nasal Bones

On top of the nose

(everything past this are features)

Superciliary Arch

found above eyebrows and known/seen as eyebrow ridges

Infraorbital Foramen

Small ‘holes’ found underneath eye sockets

Alveolar Margins

The ridges of the roots of teeth on top jaw

Mental Foramen

small ‘holes’ on side of protruding chin

External Acoustic Meatus

The canal located where the ear would be

Mastoid Process

The bony protrusion found behind the ear

Occipital Condyles

They border the Foramen Magnum and are ‘ridges’, found on the occipital bone, best seen in inferior view

Foramen Magnum

large hole found on occipital bone, bordered byccipital condyles and best seen in inferior view

External Occipital Protuberance

Protruding piece of bone at the bottom base of the skull

(everything past this is related to vertebrae)

Name all types of vertebrae in order of vertebrae from skull to bottom of trunk

Atlas

Axis

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum~Coccyx

What is the protrusion coming out from the front of most vertebrae called?

Spinous Process

How should the Spinous Process be facing?

Down and pointed posterior

Name features of the Atlas

Articular facets (smoothened, face up)

Transverse Foramen (hole on sides)

Transverse Process (protrusion of bone next to transverse foramen)

Name features of Axis

Dens (pointed bone that points up)

Articular Facet (shaped a lot like a liver, faces up)

Spinous Process (faces posterior)

Name features of cervical vertebrae

Transverse Process (protrusion located right next to transverse foramen)

Transverse Foramen (hole located on sides of CV)

Spinous Process (very pronounced and slender)

How to tell difference between CV and atlas?

CV has spinous Process Atlas doesnt

Name features of Thoracic Vertebrae

All connected to ribs

Transverse Process (protrudes from sides)

Spinous Process (points posterior)

Articular Facets (located on the part of the bone that looks a lot like a giraffe ear)

Name features of Lumbar Vertebrae

Transverse Process (protrude from sides)

Spinous Process (protrusion in front, faces posterior)

Articular Facets (located in between Spinous Process and ear shaped formations on bone, visualize via posterior view)

Sacrum features

Sacral Foramen (holes located all across the main body of sacrum)

Coccyx (funny protrusion at the end of the sacrum)

How to tell difference between CV, TV, and LV?

CV only one with Transverse foramen

TV have less pronounced edges nearby the spinous process compared to LV

LV have the most pronounces edges located nearby the spinous process

How should the clavicle face

Conoid Tubercle should be posterior and inferior and sternal articulation should be medial

Conoid Tubercle

Small bony protrusion nearby the opposite end of the clavicle (the side that isnt the sternal articulation)

Sternal Articulation

Smooth edge of the clavicle that faces medial

How to discern what side scapula is from

face the spine of the scapula towards yourself (must be upward, not facing downward) direction acromion and coracoid processes are pointing indicates which side it’s from

Acromion Process

End of spine that protrudes the most on scapula

Coracoid Process

Bony protrusion underneath the A.P., also underneath end of spine (when scapula is faced posteriorly towards u)

Glenoid Fossa

Blunt end of shallow bony protrusion underneath coracoid process on scapula

Body

Smooth plate part of the scapula

Spine

Long bony protrusion that spans across the body (located at the top of the body

Acronym for major bones in arm? What do they stand for?

HUR

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

How to differentiate each bone in arm from memory?

Humerus-most notable HEAD

Ulna-End connects to pinky

Radius-Circle & end connects to thumb

How to discern which side the humerus is from

face the humerus up properly, the medial epicondyle and the bony protrusion next to it should always be facing the middle of the body, thus revealing the correct side it should be on

Head

Large bony part of the Humerus, proximal

What’s something important to remember regarding all large leg and arm bones?

They all “bow” forwards

Olecranon Fossa

Most notable dip in the Humerus visible via posterior view

Medial Epicondyle

Part of the Humerus that always points to the middle of the body, is ‘right before’ the more noticeable bony protrusion of the humerus on the distal end of it

How to discern what side the Ulna is from

Point olecranon process towards your face, side radial notch points to indicates ulna is from opposite side

Olecranon Process

Tip of the wrench like shape of the ulna, located on its proximal end

Styloid Process

Bony protrusion at the distal end of the ulna

Radial Notch

Small bony protrusion that contains slight smooth dip, located near the olecranon process on the proximal side of the ulna

How to discern what side radius is from

Point radial tuberoisty towards yourself, side Styloid Process is on indicates that it is from opposite side

Head

Proximal part of bone that is blunted and very similar to a circle

Radial Tuberosity

Small bump-like protrusion located underneath the head

Styloid Process

Bony protrusion located on the distal end of the Radius that is more noticeable on one side over the other

How to discern which side Os Coxa (pelvis) is from?

Face acetabulum towards you, illium in superior position, side pubis points to is side Os Coxa is from

Illium

Long, flat, plate-like surface found at the proximal side of the Os Coxa

Sciatic Notch

Notable indentation in the shape of a somewhat sideways V that is sort of on the opposite side of the Pubis

Ischium

Point covered by gluteus muscles, we sit on it, slightly bottom piece of pelvis

Pubis

Very defined and pointed area of pelvis that lies more at the distal end of it, faces inward and connects to other pelvis’ pubis

Obturator Foramen

Large hole in the Os Coxa

Acronym to remember all notable leg bones? What does each letter stand for?

FTF

Femur

Tibia

Fibula

How to discern which side Femur is from

Hold femur up to your face so that side where the lesser trochanter is less easily seen is facing you, whichever way head points tells u which side of body it is from

connects directly to OS Coxa

Head

Large bulb-like bone at the proximal end of the Femur

Greater Trochanter

Located right next to the Head

Lesser Trochanter

Slight, small bony bump-like protrusion located underneath the GT

Condyles

Bottom part(s) of the Femur, located on distal end of the bone

Linea Aspera

Line running directly across the ‘middle’ of the femur, best seen from posterior view

How to discern which side Tibia is from?

Point Tibial Tuberosity to yourself, side medial malleolus is on indicates side of body tibia is from

Tibial Tuberosity

Located on proximal end of the Tibia, looks like a bony ‘pimple’ near the top

Medial Malleolus

Small, noticeable bony protrusion that is more prominent on one side, always ‘points’ towards the middle of the body

How to discern which side the Fibula is from?

Face Malleolar Fossa towards you, whatever side it is on indicated what side Fibula is from

Styloid process

Slight bony protrusion in the top proximal part of the Fibula

Lateral Malleolus

Flat, plate-like part of the distal end of the Fibula next to the malleolar Fossa

Malleolar Fossa

Slightly flat, dipped, part of the Fibula, on the distal end of the bone and next to the Lateral Malleolus

First Rib

Weirdly curved rib bone that, at one end, has a thick, tapered cut off

Important Standard Rib Fact

Tapered, more smoother bottom of the standard rib faces inferiorly

Head

Interestingly shaped part of the bone that is located next to the tubercle

Tubercle

slight bony protrusion on the rib that is located pretty close to the Head

Shaft

Bottom of the Standard Rib that lies on the bottom that is tapered and smooth(er)

Hyoid (adams apple)

Curve shaped bone that is more smaller and equally curved