Phil 3127 Exam 1 Vocab

Epistemic Values

indicative of truth of theory and provide reasons for preferring one theory over another

Non-epistemic Values

moral, personal, social, political, and cultural values such as pleasure, justice and equality, environmentalism, and diversity

Value Free Ideal

scientists should strive to minimize influence of non-epistemic values on scientific justification

Neutrality Thesis

non-epistemic values have no legitimate role in justification of scientific theories

Inductive Risk

risk of error in accepting or rejecting hypotheses

CUDOS

communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism

Communism

all scientific data should be freely shared and openly communicated 

Universalism

a scientist’s status should never affect the judgement of their work

The Matthew Effect

scientific rewards usually go to more acclaimed scientists

Disinterestedness

scientists have no interest or bias towards a particular result in their experiments

Organized Skepticism

all ideas must be tested and subject to scrutiny

Intervention Trials

participants are put into treatment groups and given an intervention

Randomized Controlled Trials

randomly assigns participants to experimental or control groups

Double-Blind Trials

both patients and doctors don’t know who control group is

Placebo Effect

desirable outcome resulting from expected response to treatment

Nocebo Effect

undesirable outcome resulting from expected response to treatment

Agnotology

study of ignorance and doubt

Epistemology

study of knowledge

Tobacco Strategy

emphasizing doubt and uncertainty around a scientific result in order to prevent government regulation, taxation, or intervention

Human-Benefit Goal

animal testing benefits humans because humans will be at risk without animal testing

Anthropocentric

human-centered

Sentience

capacity to experience episodes of positively or negatively valanced awareness