Mendelian/Genetics Quiz

Mendel’s First Law

Law of Segregation: 2 members of a gene pair (alleles) separate so that half of the gametes carry 1 member of the pair and the other gametes carry the other

Mendel’s Second Law

Law of Independent Assortment: gene pairs on separate chromosome pairs assortment independently at meiosis

True-breeding

An organism that, when mated with another of the same genotype, produces offspring with the same phenotype

Hybridization

The process of mating two individuals of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring

Allele

An allele is a variant form of a gene that arises by mutation and is found at the same place on a chromosome as other alleles of the same gene

Haploid

A cell or organism that has only one complete set of chromosomes, typically represented as n, which is half the diploid number

Diploid

A cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes, typically represented as 2n, which is double the haploid number

P generation

The parental generation in genetics, typically the first group of individuals cross-bred in a genetic study

F1 generation

The first generation of offspring produced from a cross of two parental (P) generation individuals, typically exhibiting traits from both parents

F2 generation

The second generation of offspring, produced by interbreeding individuals from the F1 generation, which may exhibit a combination of traits from both parental (P) generation

Test cross

A test cross is a genetic cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype's alleles

Incomplete dominance

Two dominant genes blend their phenotype (RR: red, WW: white, RW: pink)

Co-dominance

Alleles are expressed equally, phenotype of both alleles in a heterozygous individual are exhibited (human blood type)

Epistasis

allele of one gene affects the expression of another gene at a different location

Probability

“The chance that each outcome of a given event will occur is proportional to the number of ways in which that event can be reached” (punnet squares)

Product law

The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities of the individual events

rolling a dice: p(of two 4s) = 1/6 ×1/6 = 1/36