Studied by 1 person
Mendel’s First Law
Law of Segregation: 2 members of a gene pair (alleles) separate so that half of the gametes carry 1 member of the pair and the other gametes carry the other
Mendel’s Second Law
Law of Independent Assortment: gene pairs on separate chromosome pairs assortment independently at meiosis
True-breeding
An organism that, when mated with another of the same genotype, produces offspring with the same phenotype
Hybridization
The process of mating two individuals of different genotypes to produce hybrid offspring
Allele
An allele is a variant form of a gene that arises by mutation and is found at the same place on a chromosome as other alleles of the same gene
Haploid
A cell or organism that has only one complete set of chromosomes, typically represented as n, which is half the diploid number
Diploid
A cell or organism that has two complete sets of chromosomes, typically represented as 2n, which is double the haploid number
P generation
The parental generation in genetics, typically the first group of individuals cross-bred in a genetic study
F1 generation
The first generation of offspring produced from a cross of two parental (P) generation individuals, typically exhibiting traits from both parents
F2 generation
The second generation of offspring, produced by interbreeding individuals from the F1 generation, which may exhibit a combination of traits from both parental (P) generation
Test cross
A test cross is a genetic cross between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype's alleles
Incomplete dominance
Two dominant genes blend their phenotype (RR: red, WW: white, RW: pink)
Co-dominance
Alleles are expressed equally, phenotype of both alleles in a heterozygous individual are exhibited (human blood type)
Epistasis
allele of one gene affects the expression of another gene at a different location
Probability
“The chance that each outcome of a given event will occur is proportional to the number of ways in which that event can be reached” (punnet squares)
Product law
The probability of independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities of the individual events
rolling a dice: p(of two 4s) = 1/6 ×1/6 = 1/36
