Anatomy Chapter 1

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key anatomy and physiology terms from Pages 3-6 of the notes.

Definition Recall

What is the study of external and internal body structures and the physical relationships between body parts?

Anatomy

Definition Recall

What is the study of the functions of the body's structures and organs?

Physiology

Definition Recall

What branch of anatomy requires magnification to observe structures like cells and tissues?

Microscopic anatomy

Definition Recall

Groups of tissues that work together to perform a common function are known as what?

Organs

Definition Recall

Which specific field of study focuses on the internal structure and function of cells?

Cytology

Definition Recall

What is the study of tissues and their organization and function?

Histology

Definition Recall

What type of anatomy deals with body structures visible without magnification?

Gross anatomy

Definition Recall

Which anatomical study focuses on the visible shapes and markings on the body’s surface?

Surface anatomy

Definition Recall

When you study all structures in a particular region of the body (e.g., the head), what type of anatomy are you practicing?

Regional anatomy

Definition Recall

What is the study of organs and their related functions, organized by organ system?

Systemic anatomy

Definition Recall

What branch of anatomy studies structural changes from conception to birth?

Developmental anatomy

Comparison

How does comparative anatomy differ from human anatomy?

Comparative anatomy studies anatomy as it compares different species, whereas human anatomy focuses specifically on the human body.

Cause and Effect

What is the focus of pathological anatomy, and what causes the structural changes it investigates?

Pathological anatomy studies structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease.

Application

A doctor is examining a patient's internal body structures using an X-ray. Which type of anatomy is primarily being used in this scenario?

Radiographic anatomy, which involves viewing internal body structures through noninvasive imaging techniques.

Application

During a complex surgical procedure, a surgeon relies on knowledge of specific anatomical landmarks to guide their incisions. What specialized field of anatomy is crucial for this?

Surgical anatomy

Process Steps

Starting from the most fundamental components, list the levels of structural organization in the human body in increasing order of complexity.

\text{Hint: Think from atoms up to a whole organism!}

Atoms\rightarrowmolecules\rightarroworganelles\rightarrowcells\rightarrowtissues\rightarroworgans\rightarroworgan systems\rightarroworganisms.

Application

Imagine you are attacked by a lion! What organ system is responsible for the 'goosebumps' associated with fright and also contains structures that sense touch? (The user's example, adapted)

The Integumentary system, which includes skin, hair, and glands, is responsible for protection, sensation, and temperature regulation, including the tiny muscles that pull hair upright to cause 'goosebumps' (arrector pili muscles, though not explicitly listed as a term, are part of associated structures).

Application

A person experiences a broken bone. Which organ system is directly affected and responsible for providing support, protection, and enabling movement?

The Skeletal system, consisting of bones and joints, protects and supports the body, enables movement, stores minerals, and forms blood cells.

Application

When you decide to lift a heavy object, which organ system is primarily responsible for generating the force needed for this action and maintaining your posture?

The Muscular system produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Application

If you quickly touch a hot surface and immediately pull your hand away, which organ system is serving as the body's control center for this rapid response?

The Nervous system is the control center of the body; it directs rapid responses and coordinates other systems.

Application

A condition like diabetes involves issues with insulin regulation. Which organ system is primarily responsible for secreting hormones to regulate functions across different organs?

The Endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones for regulation across organs.

Application

Nutrients from digested food need to be transported throughout your body, and waste products need to be carried away. Which organ system performs this crucial transport function?

The Cardiovascular system, composed of the heart and blood vessels, transports nutrients and wastes throughout the body.

Application

When your body successfully fights off a cold or infection, which system is working to defend against pathogens and return fluid to the blood?

The Lymphoid/Immune system, including lymphatic vessels and organs, returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens.

Application

What organ system allows you to bring in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide from your body?

The Respiratory system includes airways and organs that supply oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

Application

After eating a meal, which organ system is responsible for breaking down the food into usable nutrients and absorbing them into the body?

The Digestive system consists of organs that break down food and absorb nutrients.

Application

If the body needs to eliminate excess water and metabolic wastes, and also regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, which organ system carries out these functions?

The Urinary system eliminates excess water and wastes and regulates fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

Application

Which organ system is responsible for producing offspring and, in females, plays a vital role in embryonic development?

The Reproductive system involves organs dedicated to producing offspring and, in females, embryonic development.

Definition Recall

What is the standard reference position for anatomical descriptions, where the body is erect, facing forward, with arms at sides and palms facing forward?

Anatomical position

Definition Recall

Which major body division includes the head, neck, and trunk?

Axial

Definition Recall

What part of the body refers to the limbs, specifically the upper and lower extremities?

Appendicular

Definition Recall

What anatomical term describes an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into left and right halves?

Midline

Comparison

If a structure is described as medial, what does it mean to be lateral?

Lateral means away from the midline of the body, whereas medial means toward the midline.

Comparison

Describe the difference between a structure being superficial versus deep.

Superficial means toward or at the body surface, while deep means away from the body surface, toward the interior.

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the head region?

Cephalon

Definition Recall

Which anatomical term refers to the anterior portion of the pelvic bone, or the genital region?

Pubis

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the groin region?

Inguen

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the neck region?

Cervicis

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the lower back region?

Lumbus (or lumbar region)

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the upper arm?

Brachium

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the buttock region?

Gluteus

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the forearm?

Antebrachium

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the thigh bone?

Femur

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the wrist bones?

Carpus

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the kneecap?

Patella

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the hand?

Manus

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the thumb?

Pollex

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the ankle region?

Tarsus

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the abdominal region of the trunk?

Abdomen

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the navel or belly button?

Umbilicus

Definition Recall

What is the anatomical term for the pelvic region?

Pelvis

Definition Recall

Which posterior body cavity houses the brain and spinal cord, comprising the cranial and vertebral cavities?

Dorsal body cavity

Comparison

In serous membranes, what is the role of the visceral layer as compared to the parietal layer?

The visceral layer adheres to the organs, while the parietal layer lines the cavity walls.

Definition Recall

Which cavity within the thoracic cavity specifically surrounds the lungs?

Pleural cavity

Definition Recall

What is the name of the membrane that lines the chest wall and pleural cavity?

Parietal pleura

Definition Recall

What is the name of the membrane covering the lungs?

Visceral pleura

Cause and Effect

What is the purpose of serous fluid found between the layers of serous membranes?

Serous fluid reduces friction between the moving organs and cavity walls.

Definition Recall

Which central thoracic cavity contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and major vessels?

Mediastinal cavity

Definition Recall

What is the specific cavity that surrounds the heart within the mediastinum?

Pericardial cavity

Definition Recall

What is the name of the double-layered sac surrounding the heart?

Pericardium

Cause and Effect

What is the function of pericardial fluid within the pericardial cavity?

Pericardial fluid reduces friction between the layers of the pericardium as the heart beats.

Definition Recall

Which large body cavity contains both abdominal and pelvic organs?

Abdominopelvic cavity

Definition Recall

What is the name of the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering many abdominal organs?

Peritoneum

Application

If an organ is described as retroperitoneal, where is it located in relation to the peritoneum?

Retroperitoneal means located behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, ureters).

Definition Recall

What does the acronym RUQ stand for in anatomical abdominal regions?

Right upper quadrant of the abdomen

Application

The kidneys are vital organs that filter blood and form urine. Based on their location, are they described as intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?

Kidneys are retroperitoneal, meaning they are located behind the peritoneum.

Application

Considering the path of urine from the kidneys to the bladder, the ureters are ducts that transport this urine. Are they located within the peritoneal cavity or behind it?

Ureters are retroperitoneal.

Definition Recall

What is the process by which small molecules pass through membranes and enter the body?

Absorption

Definition Recall

What is the ability of organisms to adjust to long-term environmental changes?

Adaptability

Definition Recall

What is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function?

Differentiation

Definition Recall

What is the elimination of metabolic wastes from the body called?

Excretion

Definition Recall

What term describes an increase in the size or number of cells?

Growth

Definition Recall

What encompasses all chemical reactions in the body that sustain life?

Metabolism

Comparison

Contrast anabolism with catabolism in terms of molecular building and breakdown.

Anabolism involves biosynthetic processes that build complex molecules, while catabolism is the breakdown of molecules to release energy.

Definition Recall

What is the process of producing offspring?

Reproduction

Application

If a plant turns its leaves towards the sun, or a human recoils from a painful stimulus, what fundamental characteristic of life are they demonstrating?

Responsiveness, which is the ability to sense and respond to changes in the environment.

Definition Recall

What is the fundamental idea that all living things are composed of cells, and cells are the basic units of structure and function?

Cell theory

Definition Recall

What are the basic structural and functional units of life?

Cells

Comparison

Compare the magnification capabilities of light microscopy versus electron microscopy.

Light microscopy uses visible light to view cells up to \sim2000x magnification, whereas electron microscopy uses electrons to achieve much higher magnifications suitable for ultrastructures.

Definition Recall

What is the lipid bilayer surrounding a cell with embedded proteins, known for being selectively permeable?

Plasma membrane

Definition Recall

What are the proteins in the membrane that allow specific ions or molecules to pass through?

Membrane channels

Cause and Effect

What is the mechanism by which gated channels regulate the flow of substances across the membrane?

Gated channels open or close in response to specific signals, thereby regulating the flow of ions or molecules across the membrane.

Definition Recall

What cellular organelle contains chromosomal DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane?

Nucleus

Definition Recall

What is the region within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs?

Nucleolus

Definition Recall

What material consists of DNA and proteins, and condenses to form chromosomes during cell division?

Chromatin

Definition Recall

What is the fluid within the nucleus containing ions and nuclear components?

Nucleoplasm

Definition Recall

What is the double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

Nuclear envelope