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"Articles are important elements of French grammar, enabling us to indicate some level of specifics to nouns." from lingoculture.com. Click on the sound button for pronunciation and definitions.
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Le
“The” in French. Used with singular, masculine nouns that begin with a consonant. Ex: Le poisson. [The fish]
La
“The” in French. Used with singular, feminine nouns that begin with a consonant. Ex: La chaise. [The chair]
L’
“The” in French. Used with singular, masculine & feminine nouns that begin with a vowel. Ex: l’eau. [The water]
Les
“The” in French. Used with plural, masculine & feminine nouns regardless of whether they begin with a vowel or not. Ex: Les enfants. [The kids]
Un
“A” or “An” in French. Used with singular, masculine nouns regardless of whether they begin with a consonant or a vowel. Ex: Un garçon. [A boy]
Une
“A” or “An” in French. Used with singular, feminine nouns regardless of whether they begin with a consonant or a vowel. Ex: Une amie. [A female friend]
Des
“Some” in French. Used with plural masculine and feminine nouns regardless of whether they begin with a consonant or a vowel. Ex: Des cours. [Some classes/lessons]
Note: In many cases, "some" would almost certainly be omitted in English: "we have dogs and cats" vs in French you’d say “we have some dogs and some cats”.