AP euro unit 5 review (French revolution/ Napoleon)

causes/ background of French Revolution

weak french government

debt- wars of Louis XIV

inability to tax nobles

Cahier de Deleances (assembly of notables)

3 estates (old regime of France)

first- Catholic clergy

second- nobility

third- middle class, peasants, working class/ artisans

tennis court oath

- Led by Abbé Sieyés the third estate rejected the method of voting and demanded all 3 estates meet together.

- king refused and 3rd estate declared themselves true national assembly

- 3rd estate met in a nearby tennis court and took an oath not to disband until they drafted a constitution

- marked beginning of French Revolution

storming of the bastille

showed power in numbers

thought of as day 1 of french revolution

great fear of 1789

rumor that nobility was preparing to attack the third estate,

nobility flee France

night of august 4th

abolition of feudalism**

catholic church agrees to be taxed

declaration of the rights of man and citizens

- after this night all French citizens were subject to the same and equal laws

declaration of the rights of man and citizens

"all men were born free and remain equal in rights"

gets rid of titles and rights of nobility

creates equality

similar to the American Constitution

slogan of revolution

"liberty, equality, fraternity"

women's march to Versailles

during constructive phase

woman can't afford to feed their families

march royal family to Paris

legislative assembly

the governing body of France between October 1791 and September 1792. It replaced the National Constituent Assembly.

political reforms (during constructive phase)

becomes limited monarchy

most power in national assembly

voting rights based on ability to pay a fee

religious reforms (during constructive phase)

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

oath of loyalty

refractory priests- refused to take oath

- forced to go underground and upset peasants b/c most of them are devout Catholics

"underground catholic church"

economic reforms (during constructive phase)

"laissez faire" - gov had little or no role in national economy

abolished guilds

assignat- paper currency during revolution

second part of French Revolution

began August 10th 1792

much more radicalized

legislative assembly calls election for national convention who would form a more democratic gov

September massacres marked beginning of 2nd revolution

Battle of Valmy

France begins to expand empire and alert other countries (first coalition formed)

1st Coalition

Alliance of European countries (Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia, England, Sardinia), established in attempt to defeat the growing French force

reign of terror

response to 3 fold crisis facing France

- Economic Crisis, losing war effort, counter-revolution

- led by Robespierre

- power and influence of Sans Culotte increase

Maximilian Robespierre policies

executions

levee en mass

Ventose laws

social services

conflict over

Dechristianization

levee en mass

allows government to take anything or anybody for the good of the nation, fighting the war, and to deal with the economic crisis

- created a national military based on mass participation

Ventose laws

created a system for distributing land confiscated from nobles to the peasants

law of maximum

Wage and price control

set price limits, deterred price gouging, and allowed for the continued flow of food supply to the French people

committee of public safety (institution of Robespierre)

made the laws (during the Reign of Terror)- Robespierre dominates

committee of general security (institution of Robespierre)

police force that enforced laws, (violent/brutal)- Fouche

revolutionary tribunals (institution of Robespierre)

roving street courts- punish those accused of being against the revolution

Robespierre's idea of "republic of virtue" most closely related to which enlightenment thinker's idea?

Rousseau's social contract

(sacrifice of one's self and one's interest for good of republic)

Rousseau's idea of "civic religion" that would induce morality among citizens

Jacobins

wanted to overthrow monarchy and create a republic

girondins

spread revolution outside of France to discredit monarchy (subset of Jacobins)

Sans Culotte

not part of legislative assembly

mostly working class

became very radicalized and wanted to overthrow social inequality (this group was known for taking action and sometimes violent action)

Prairial/ suspect law (made by Robespierre)

reason was defined as anyone who in thought, word, or deed was against the Revolution (i.e. Reign of Terror)

thermidor reaction

refers to the conservative reaction to the reign of terror, which ended it and saw the execution of Robespierre. (revolt against Robespierre)

(Remember Conservative as in resisting change- so the new government would want to return a little to the past).

led to a two house legislature

directory

5 member revolutionary governing body that lasted 4 years

Napoleon's early rise to power

insurrection of Vendemaire

Egyptian campaign and Battle of Nile

Coup d'etat of Brumaire

Egyptian campaign and Battle of Nile

- British victory

- French army is doing very badly, but Napoleon is reporting great success.

Coup d'etat of Brumaire

Leads to Napoleon becoming the dictator of France as First Consul.

insurrection of vendemaire

Food Riot in May of 1795, Royalists try to raid the National Assembly.

Reaction: Napoleon Bonaparte breaks it up (with his troops) "Whiff of Grapeshot"

Significance: bring Napoleon to the attention of the Directory.

Napoleon Bonaparte policies

"Napoleon was the last and greatest of the Enlightened Despots"

1) Puts down the counter-revolution in the Brittany and Vendee regions.

2) Napoleonic code

3) Maintains the abolition of Feudalism. (But offers to allow nobles back into the country and back into the government.)

4) Careers Open to the Talented"

5) concordat of 1801

6) economic modernization (industry and agriculture)

7) national bank of France: french Franc as currency

8) development of public education: Lycees

agriculture modernization

increase food production at lower cost

lead to industrial revolution

"careers open to the talented"

promotion within the government and in the military based on merit rather than birth.

concordat of 1801

an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and the Pope.

*The Pope recognized Napoleon's government as legitimate

*In return Napoleon recognized Catholicism as the "Majority Religion in France"

Napoleonic Code (AKA Civil Code)

-comprehensive written code of a law.

Examples: included criminal, civil law-and laws that regulated the economy etc...

-made husband/father dominant member of the family

-ENDED RIMOGENITURE

CODE APPLIED TO ANY AREA CONQUERED BY NAPOLEON, LONG LASTING EFFECTS ON EUROPE

Napoleonic wars

battle of Trafalgar

treaty of Tilsit

continental system

peninsular war

invasion of Russia

battle of nations

battle of Trafalgar

naval battle France vs. Great Britain-British victory. Admiral Nelson key antagonist (dies in battle)

Significance

Short-term: makes a direct invasion of Great Britain

Impossible **

Long term: signifies complete British naval superiority.

treaty of tilsit

-Between France and Russia

-ends war of 3rd coalition

-a. agreement between Napoleon and Alexander I (Russian Czar)

b. Napoleon gains about ½ of Prussia

c. Russia agrees to be part of the continental system

continental system

napoleon imposed an economic boycott on Great Britain

peninsular war

- continues until the end of the time period

-France had conquered Spain-Napoleon's brother had become King (gets rid of Bourbon dynasty)-the Spanish people rose up against French occupation.

Guerilla Warfare

invasion of Russia

-Russia practices retreat and burn tactics

-Napoleon goes in with 500,000 troops and leaves with 10,000

- Russia pulls out of continental system

battle of nations

(Battle of Leipzig)

- victory for 4th coalition

- first real major defeat for Napoleon (in Germany)

- Ultimately causes Napoleon to agree to abdicate the throne in return for peace.

Napoleon exiled to Elba

After loss of the Battle of Leipzig

Returns to the throne after less than a year, loses his final battle, the Battle of Waterloo, and is exiled to St. Helena, where he dies

Traditionally, men and women were in

separate spheres: Men were in public, women were in the home.

Rousseau's book

Emile (his book on education) - opposes women's education, a proper woman is in the home.

"Mother do not make a decent man out of your daughter. Make a decent woman out of her."

Active vs Passive Citizens

Active citizens can vote, passive citizens can't

Active: any man who payed a voting tax

Passive: women, servants

Marie Antoinette

Spent too much money, disliked by French people, used an example to show why women should not be in power

Given the nickname Madame Deficit

Women's clubs

began popping up across France - although they were mostly dedicated to philanthropy.

The sans-culotte and his wife supported a revolution where:

-Popular grievances were remedied

-High prices were lowered

-Government corruption was destroyed

-Petitions were used to raise awareness and inspire change

-War with Austria was going well (sending their sons to fight)

Revolutionary Republican Society

Formed by Pauline Leon and Claire Lancombe to challenge the enemies of the Republic. Were against the Girondins (moderates), loosely supported the Jacobins (Mountain).

Revolutionary Republican Society Goals

-Sought to arm themselves as a national guard (amazons) to protect Paris from Austrian invasion

-Declared war on hoarders (as in food) and inflation

-Pressed their way into Convention (government) meetings to influence Girondins

-Cockade Law - compelled all women to wear the tricolor cockade (knot of ribbons) to demonstrate their loyalty to the Republic. The cockade is the basis of the Tricolore or French flag.

Napoleonic Code & Women's Rights

Makes women second-class citizens, gave men control over them, especially married women

Olympe de Gouges

Feminist, playwright, and supporter of Girondins

Author of the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

Later beheaded

Charlotte Corday

Girondin who murdered Jean Paul Marat because of his radical writings that led to thousands of executions

"I have killed one man to save a hundred thousand."

Edmund Burke

Molly Wollstonecroft