Studied by 4 people
SECTION 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
SECTION 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE
protons
positively charged particles found in the nucleus
how to find protons
atomic number = # of protons
neutrons
found in the nucleus, has no charge
how to find neutron
atomic mass - atomic number
electron
negatively charged particles, found in orbital shells
how to find electron
atomic number = # of electrons
atom
all matter is made up of atoms. atoms are the building block for everything
nucleus
it acts as the control center of the atom.
orbital shells
it is surrounding the nucleus at a distance
where is the atomic number, weight, element symbol, and element name on one element on the periodic table?
atom number = top
element symbol = middle
element name = middle (below element symbol)
atomic weight = bottom
how many electrons can go in each orbital shell
first = 2
second = 8
third = 8
fourth = 16
fifth = 32
SECTION 2: HISTORY OF AN ATOM
SECTION 2: HISTORY OF AN ATOM
ancient philoaophere: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
before 400CE everything in the universe is made up of the following elements. there are four parts of the atom. the four parts are water, air, fire, and earth.
ancient atomists: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
400CE: atom means not to be cut and parmanu means indivisible grain, referring to smallest piece of matter. no model attached to this discovery.
john dalton: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
1803: atoms are made of single material that is formed into different sizes and shapes. atoms of different elements are different. the structure of the atom is a simple circle.
J.J thompson: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
1897: he called it a plum pudding (can also be referred to as raisin bun) a model of the atom in which negetively charged particles ( electrons) are scattered throughout a sphere of positive charge. the structure of the atom looks similar to plum pudding with negative charged particles scattered throughout a circle.
ernest rutherford: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
1911: discovery of the nucleus and orbital shells. the atom is mostly empty space with nearly all its mass concentrated in the center (the nucleus). The center is a positive charged nucleus with orbital shells going in all directions outside of the nucleus. the electrons are in the orbital shells.
niels bohr: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure
1913: orbital shells going around the nucleus at a distance. the nucleus going in the center and the orbital shells going outside of the nucleus at a distance.
SECTION 3: PERIODIC TABLE
SECTION 3: PERIODIC TABLE
period
a row
group
a column
where are metals on the periodic table
left to centre
where are non metals on the periodic table
right
where are metalloids on the periodic table
right
metal characteristics
good conductivity, lustrous, very ductile, good malleability, solids
non metals
less or no metallic properties, no malleability, dull, solid liquid and gas states, low conductivity
metalloids
no metallic properties, brittle, mostly solids, no malleability
halogens: characteristics and place on periodic table
fairly toxic, combine with metals in the form on salts, seven valence electrons, all coloured, low melting point, low density. halogens are placed on group 7 on the right side of the periodic table
noble gases: characteristics and place on periodic table
colourless, gases that have low chemical reactivity, non-flammable, gases at room temperature, group 6 on the right side of the periodic table
alkali metals: characteristics and place on periodic table
good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, malleability, highly reactive, low melting points.
alkaline earth metals: characteristics and place on periodic table
similar to alkali metals, highly metallic, good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, good malleability, soft metals. group 1 on the left side of the periodic table
SECTION 4: ECOLOGY
SECTION 4: ECOLOGY
heterotroph
consumer
autotroph
producer
producer (autotroph)
an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis
consumer (heterotroph)
eats other organisms
herbivore
organisms that only eat plants
omnivore
oranisms that eat both plants and meat
decomposer
organisms that feed on decaying material to release it into the atmosphere
detrivore
eat dead/decaying material
biotic
living thing
abiotic
non living thing
atomsphere
air, clouds
biosphere
living things
lithosphere/geosphere
rocks
hydrosphere
water
identity trophic levels
producer → primary → secondary → tertiary → quaternary
how much energy is lost when going up the energy pyramid
10% is lost through heat
photosynthesis
plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
cellular respiration
glucose + oxygen = chemical energy + carbon dioxide + water
primary succession
barren rock is colonized by living things for the first time
secondary succession
used to have living things, got destroyed then re-colonized
carbon cycle components
photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, extraction, and combustion. (burning of fuel → carbon dioxide → growth/sunlight → life, death, decay → fossil fuels repeated over and over)
what is the carbon cycle
carbon is presented into the atmosphere and then absorbed by plants through photosynthesis. It is an essential component of life sustaining chemical reactions.
what is the nitrogen cycle
process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere
nitrogen cycle components
nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay
what is nitrogen fixation
chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms
what is nitrification
bacteria in the soil use oxygen to change compounds of nitrogen in dead plants into nitrates and then plants can then absorb as food
what is denitrification
extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. certain bacteria perform this task as well.
eutrophication
when a place of water is enhanced by nutrients and minerals leading the excessive growth
keystone species
controls the population and helps define an ecosystem as well as keeping that ecosystem in balance. keystone species tend to be higher on the energy pyramid.
biodiversity
a number of different organisms in an ecosystem
carrying capacity
species population size in a habitat
limiting factor
anything that slows or stops a population size from growing
dynamic equilibrium
when forward and reversed changes happen at the same time and there’s no observable changes
SECTION 5: ELECTRICITY
SECTION 5: ELECTRICITY
parallel circuit
electrons pass through two or more branches or connected parts at the same time before it combines again
series circuit
a simple circuit that allowed electrons to pass between one or more resistors
series current formula
all equal to each other
series voltage formula
V1 + V2 = VT
parellel current formula
IT = I1 + I2
parelle voltage formula
all equal to each other
solve for current
I = V/R
solve for resistance
R = V/I
solve for voltage
V = I x R
SECTION 6: SPACE
SECTION 6: SPACE
first stage of a star
stellar nebula
second stage of a star
average mass star, large mass star, super large mass star
third stage of a star
red giant, red supergiant, massive red supergiant,
fourth stage of a star
planetary nebula, supernova, supernova
fifth stage of a star
white dwarf, neutron star, blackhole
spiral galaxy characteristics and an example
center bulge, surrounded by a flat, rounding disk around the stars. an example is the milky way
elliptical galaxy characteristics and an example
ellipsoidal shape, smooth, nearly featureless image. an example is cygnus A
peculiar galaxy characteristics and an example
more active, contains black holes, starbursts can occur. an example is M82
irregular galaxy characteristics and an example
no distinct shape, chaotic appearance, no dot fall into any other classes. an example is small and large magellanic clouds
planets in order from the sun
mercury → venus → earth → mars → jupiter → saturn → uranus → neptune
key characteristics that allow life to evolve on earth
right distance from the sun, kept warm by insulating atmosphere, gravity, the sun protecting earth from cosmic radiation
