exam practice

SECTION 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

SECTION 1: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

protons

positively charged particles found in the nucleus

how to find protons

atomic number = # of protons

neutrons

found in the nucleus, has no charge

how to find neutron

atomic mass - atomic number

electron

negatively charged particles, found in orbital shells

how to find electron

atomic number = # of electrons

atom

all matter is made up of atoms. atoms are the building block for everything

nucleus

it acts as the control center of the atom.

orbital shells

it is surrounding the nucleus at a distance

where is the atomic number, weight, element symbol, and element name on one element on the periodic table?

atom number = top

element symbol = middle

element name = middle (below element symbol)

atomic weight = bottom

how many electrons can go in each orbital shell

first = 2

second = 8

third = 8

fourth = 16

fifth = 32

SECTION 2: HISTORY OF AN ATOM

SECTION 2: HISTORY OF AN ATOM

ancient philoaophere: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

before 400CE everything in the universe is made up of the following elements. there are four parts of the atom. the four parts are water, air, fire, and earth.

ancient atomists: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

400CE: atom means not to be cut and parmanu means indivisible grain, referring to smallest piece of matter. no model attached to this discovery.

john dalton: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

1803: atoms are made of single material that is formed into different sizes and shapes. atoms of different elements are different. the structure of the atom is a simple circle.

J.J thompson: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

1897: he called it a plum pudding (can also be referred to as raisin bun) a model of the atom in which negetively charged particles ( electrons) are scattered throughout a sphere of positive charge. the structure of the atom looks similar to plum pudding with negative charged particles scattered throughout a circle.

ernest rutherford: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

1911: discovery of the nucleus and orbital shells. the atom is mostly empty space with nearly all its mass concentrated in the center (the nucleus). The center is a positive charged nucleus with orbital shells going in all directions outside of the nucleus. the electrons are in the orbital shells.

niels bohr: date, discoveries, description of the atom structure

1913: orbital shells going around the nucleus at a distance. the nucleus going in the center and the orbital shells going outside of the nucleus at a distance.

SECTION 3: PERIODIC TABLE

SECTION 3: PERIODIC TABLE

period

a row

group

a column

where are metals on the periodic table

left to centre

where are non metals on the periodic table

right

where are metalloids on the periodic table

right

metal characteristics

good conductivity, lustrous, very ductile, good malleability, solids

non metals

less or no metallic properties, no malleability, dull, solid liquid and gas states, low conductivity

metalloids

no metallic properties, brittle, mostly solids, no malleability

halogens: characteristics and place on periodic table

fairly toxic, combine with metals in the form on salts, seven valence electrons, all coloured, low melting point, low density. halogens are placed on group 7 on the right side of the periodic table

noble gases: characteristics and place on periodic table

colourless, gases that have low chemical reactivity, non-flammable, gases at room temperature, group 6 on the right side of the periodic table

alkali metals: characteristics and place on periodic table

good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, malleability, highly reactive, low melting points.

alkaline earth metals: characteristics and place on periodic table

similar to alkali metals, highly metallic, good conductivity, lustrous, good ductility, good malleability, soft metals. group 1 on the left side of the periodic table

SECTION 4: ECOLOGY

SECTION 4: ECOLOGY

heterotroph

consumer

autotroph

producer

producer (autotroph)

an organism that produces its own food through photosynthesis

consumer (heterotroph)

eats other organisms

herbivore

organisms that only eat plants

omnivore

oranisms that eat both plants and meat

decomposer

organisms that feed on decaying material to release it into the atmosphere

detrivore

eat dead/decaying material

biotic

living thing

abiotic

non living thing

atomsphere

air, clouds

biosphere

living things

lithosphere/geosphere

rocks

hydrosphere

water

identity trophic levels

producer → primary → secondary → tertiary → quaternary

how much energy is lost when going up the energy pyramid

10% is lost through heat

photosynthesis

plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

cellular respiration

glucose + oxygen = chemical energy + carbon dioxide + water

primary succession

barren rock is colonized by living things for the first time

secondary succession

used to have living things, got destroyed then re-colonized

carbon cycle components

photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, sedimentation, extraction, and combustion. (burning of fuel → carbon dioxide → growth/sunlight → life, death, decay → fossil fuels repeated over and over)

what is the carbon cycle

carbon is presented into the atmosphere and then absorbed by plants through photosynthesis. It is an essential component of life sustaining chemical reactions.

what is the nitrogen cycle

process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the atmosphere

nitrogen cycle components

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, decay

what is nitrogen fixation

chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms

what is nitrification

bacteria in the soil use oxygen to change compounds of nitrogen in dead plants into nitrates and then plants can then absorb as food

what is denitrification

extra nitrogen in the soil gets put back out into the air. certain bacteria perform this task as well.

eutrophication

when a place of water is enhanced by nutrients and minerals leading the excessive growth

keystone species

controls the population and helps define an ecosystem as well as keeping that ecosystem in balance. keystone species tend to be higher on the energy pyramid.

biodiversity

a number of different organisms in an ecosystem

carrying capacity

species population size in a habitat

limiting factor

anything that slows or stops a population size from growing

dynamic equilibrium

when forward and reversed changes happen at the same time and there’s no observable changes

SECTION 5: ELECTRICITY

SECTION 5: ELECTRICITY

parallel circuit

electrons pass through two or more branches or connected parts at the same time before it combines again

series circuit

a simple circuit that allowed electrons to pass between one or more resistors

series current formula

all equal to each other

series voltage formula

V1 + V2 = VT

parellel current formula

IT = I1 + I2

parelle voltage formula

all equal to each other

solve for current

I = V/R

solve for resistance

R = V/I

solve for voltage

V = I x R

SECTION 6: SPACE

SECTION 6: SPACE

first stage of a star

stellar nebula

second stage of a star

average mass star, large mass star, super large mass star

third stage of a star

red giant, red supergiant, massive red supergiant,

fourth stage of a star

planetary nebula, supernova, supernova

fifth stage of a star

white dwarf, neutron star, blackhole

spiral galaxy characteristics and an example

center bulge, surrounded by a flat, rounding disk around the stars. an example is the milky way

elliptical galaxy characteristics and an example

ellipsoidal shape, smooth, nearly featureless image. an example is cygnus A

peculiar galaxy characteristics and an example

more active, contains black holes, starbursts can occur. an example is M82

irregular galaxy characteristics and an example

no distinct shape, chaotic appearance, no dot fall into any other classes. an example is small and large magellanic clouds

planets in order from the sun

mercury → venus → earth → mars → jupiter → saturn → uranus → neptune

key characteristics that allow life to evolve on earth

right distance from the sun, kept warm by insulating atmosphere, gravity, the sun protecting earth from cosmic radiation