exam challenge and change units 1-4

Arnold Toynbee

________: believed that societies continually face challenges, how societies are measured by the response to those challenged change the society.

Deviance

________: behaviour that Violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society or group.

Social paradigm shifts

________- when a a new set of ideals belief is and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and precise reality.

Leon Festinger

________: developed social comparison theory which is when individuals compare themselves to other people because they are insecure of myself they compare upwards or downwards.

Margret Mead

________: believed that teenager's anxiety, issues, emotions, personality and actions are driven from not knowing the future.

Max Weber

________: believed that culture is the predominate force in shaping human actions and society.

Muzafer Sherif

________: developed the in- group and out- group theory.

Internalization

________: the action of absorbing an idea, opinion, belief, etc.

Ethnocentrism

________ is when a group believes that their beliefs are superior to another groups.

Marxism

________- The idea that money and wealth dictate power in society, how we put social value in peoples job titles.

Structural functionalism a theory

________ developed by Durkheim where we identify the systems and structures that govern society and assesses how the needs of individuals are met by society.

Egocentrism

________: is a feeling that all adolescents go through in which they feel as though they have an imaginary audience watching them, they feel as though they need to perform for the audience which influences their choices, beliefs and mind set.

Generational replacement

________: is a theory developed by Paul R. Abramson Ingleheart that attributes changes in values between young people and their elders to their different circumstances growing up.

Agents of socialization

________: people that shape an adolescents believes, values, ethics, culture, etc.

Innovators

________: tries to change norms.

Kurt Lewin

________: he was the first psychologist to test human behavior, influenced social, experimental and personality psychology.

Thomas Kuhn

________: his main theory was social paradigm shift, when is when a new set of ideals, beliefs and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality.

Rebels

________: actively fights and does the opposite of norms.

Diffusion

________- the spreading of something more widely.

Ritualist

________: doesnt believe in norms, but doesnt change because thats what they have been taught.

Karl Marx

________: believes that social change is the result of competition and the conflict that arises between social classes battling economic resources.

Emile Durkheim

________: believed that social change is inevitable and follows and logical and predictable path.

Robert Merton

________: he believed that deviance is normal, and it comes from social factors (low income, lack of education, housing, etc .)

Conformity

________: act of matching attitudes, beliefs and behaviors to what individual perceived as normal to their society or social group.

Acculturation

________- the process of learning and incorporating he values believes language etc of a new culture.

vegetation

Environment: climate, weather, ________, animals, populations, geography and humans,

Culture

________: A societies values determine how they accept change, influenced by traditions, customs and believes.

Imaginary audience

________: a term made by David Elkind, it is who teenagers believe is watching them at all times.

Alienation

________: estrangement or distance from what they find meaningful or from their sense of self.

Challenge

________ and response- societies continually face ________, how societies are measured by the response to those ________ change the society.

Proximity

________: distance between cultural groups, societys located near each other tend to change and develop more rapidly than those in isolation.

Adolescence

________: a person at the ages 9- 19 (roughly) known as the transition period between being a kid am a adult.

Ralf Dahrendorf

________: Was cofounder of the conflict change theory.

Downward comparison

________: when an individual compared them self to someone who is worse off.

Upward comparison

________: occurs when an individual compares themselves to someone who is better off.

External factors

________ influencing change- there are five external shifts that influence societies, minor shifts can cause significant impact on how a society functions.

Developmental tasks

________: A task that arises predictably consistently at or about a certain period of life of the individual.

Cyclical change

________ works in a cycle like the seasons, each stage has an ideal then moves on to the next stage progress is the key feature, trends, traditions, beliefs and values change and return.

Cognitive dissonance

________- the state of having inconsistent thoughts, believes and attitudes, belong told to be one way then having there "emo "or "breakout stage "from those believes or values.

Eduard Spranger

________: he believed that humans live in different states of consciousness.

Individualist society

________- hey society that values autonomy, freedom and competition as well as personal rights and freedoms.

Value system

________: the order in which we put the values, from least to greatest.

Talcott Parsons

________: He created functionalist theory of change.

Confirmation bias

________- the tendency to favor info that confirms their believes and preoccupations about an issue regardless of the validity of the info.

Auguste Comte

________: his major theory was evolutionarily theory of change which is societies change from simple beginnings to contact progress is measured in a society ability to create better living conditions He also believed that a societys primary goal should be to evolve and become more complex.

G Stanley Hall

________: developed the term adolescence, his major theory was storming through as which highlights emotions characteristics of adolescence, how teenagers emotions are rocky like a roller coaster.

Sociology status quo

________- existing state of affairs with regard to social, political, religious or military issues.

Bourgeoise

the members of the property-owning class those who own the means of production

Petty bourgeoise

lower middle class; shop owners, craftspeople, tradespeople.

Proletariat

the poorest of the society, low class people

Positivism

the use of science to approach to research and understand social behaviour

Cultural hegemony

the theory that society is dominated by one ruling class and that class’s ideas and beliefs become the social norm

Social norms

shared standards, ideas and believes by a society that everyone follows

Inequality

the condition of being unequal, of not possessing the same rights and privileges as another person or group

Anomie

a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals

Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. This means competitive markets, price systems, private property, property rights recognition, voluntary exchange and wage labor

Antonio Grasci

believed the capitalist state-controlled society is ruled by two parts

1. political society (Antonio Grasci theory)

makes the rules to maintain control over the people

2. civil society(Antonio Grasci theory)

ruled by consent, the middle-class people

Examples

white supremacy, McDonalds- culturally relevant in America then became worldwide in our culture

Karl Marx

according to Marx society has been broken into two major social groups, and one minor group. The first is the bourgeoisie (middle class), the second is the proletariat (lower class) and the third is the petty bourgeoisie (upper class)  

Emile Durkheim

came up with the term anomie

Class

a group of people with similar levels of wealth and income

Class system

an open system where boundaries between classes are vaguely defined by movement is allowed

Caste system

an open system where a person's social status us determined at birth

Closed system

A system with strict boundaries

Open system

a system with vague boundaries

Social contract

A political philosophy in which individuals implicitly agree to the terms by which they are governed by society

Social control

the study of the mechanisms, looking at pressure patterns, which society maintains a social order  

Social Justice

a society or insinuation that is based on the principals of fairness and equality and the understands and value of human rights

Social Movement

the most highly structured, rational and enduring form of collective behavior

Social class

factors that a group have in common such as wealth, income, education and occupation. These factors help determine how much power a person has.

Social mobility

is a personas ability to move up or down within a society

Vertical mobility

a change in social class that results in movement up or down the class structure

Absolute poverty

when a household makes less income than poverty level

Correctional system

a system designed to punish to deprive a person of things of value because an offence the person is deemed to have committed

Crime

the violation of statutes enacted by governments into criminal law

Criminal justice system

a system comprising institutions and process responsible for enforcing criminal statues

Justice

fair dealing and a sense if equality, and the condition of being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities

Primary deviance

deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that isn't part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept

Secondary deviance

deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms

Achieved status

a social positions attained by a person largely through their effort

Intrageneration mobility

the move made in one generation (I'm going to work hard for what I want)

Intergenerational mobility

social movement experience by the family members from one generation to the next

Meritocracy

a system, organization or society in which people are chosen and moved into positions of success, power and influence. Based off their work and merit.

Relative poverty

when a household receives 50% less than an average household's income

Stigma

describes the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance

White-collar crime

offences involving embezzlement, price fixing and stock market manipulation by affluent people

Kinglsey David

main theory was functionalist perspective, which states that all societies have important tasks that need to get done. Some positions are more important than others, so the most qualified people foe the job should fill the roll. Important jobs that take more training show be rewarded with more money and privilege.

W.E.B DuBois

he believed that an empirical science adhering to the methods utilised by the physical sciences, society major adjective is to study the deeds of men and to provide a science of human action.

George H. Mead.

main theory was symbolic interactionist

Rebert Merton

main theory was social strain theory

John Rawls

wrote the principals of social justice, to do this he created a vail of ignorance, which means to take out all biases, opinions and prior knowledge and on society.

Wilbert More

main theory was functionalist perspective

Mervin Tumin

main theory was functionalist perspective, although he disagreed with the other two and thought that the most important position isn't always paid the most,

Klaus Abbink

was a professor in the department of economics and he researched experimental and behavioural economics

Edward Becker

believed that individuals labeled as deviants face problems because of their reactions to themselves and others in comparison to the stereotype of a deviant

Travis Hirschi

created social control theory, which is the idea that delinquent children fail to make societal bonds consisting of attachment to parents, peers, school, occupational environments, academic involvement and belief in social rules and convention.