exam challenge and change units 1-4

Acculturation – the process of learning and incorporating he values believes language etc of a new culture

Cognitive consistency- the tendency individuals seek out that are consistent with the bellies and attitude and limit their exposure to those that are inconsistent.

Cognitive dissonance- the state of having inconsistent thoughts, believes and attitudes, belong told to be one way then having there “emo” or “breakout stage” from those believes or values

Command class- those who have authority

Command class Example: The police are apart of this class

Confirmation bias- the tendency to favor info that confirms their believes and preoccupations about an issue regardless of the validity of the info

Confirmation bias Example: a baseball scout who is impressed by a minor-league player cites his strong nod classic form at the plate, ignoring the player high strikeout rate

Diffusion- the spreading of something more widely

Individualist society- hey society that values autonomy, freedom and competition as well as personal rights and freedoms

Obey class- those without authority

obey class Example: The citizens are an example of this class

Social change- changes in humans interactions and relationships that change cultural and social institution

Social dynamics- factors that determine change

social dynamics Example: when police forces aren’t serving the community they adjust so that they can function more effectively

Sociology status quo- existing state of affairs with regard to social, political, religious or military issues

Feminism- patterns of social inequality based on gender and gender roles

Marxism- The idea that money and wealth dictate power in society, how we put social value in peoples job titles

Structural functionalism- a theory developed by Durkheim where we identify the systems and structures that govern society and assesses how the needs of individuals are met by society

External factors influencing change – there are five external shifts that influence societies, minor shifts can cause significant impact on how a society functions

Environment: climate, weather, vegetation, animals, populations, geography and humans,
Environment Examples include climate change, droughts or floods
Demographics: population change, immigration, education, health age, religion, income levels and birth rates
Demographics Example include the teacher shortage and how it affects Ontario
Proximity: distance between cultural groups, society’s located near each other tend to change and develop more rapidly than those in isolation. Proximity allows for intercultural contact and globalization has decreased proximity between cultures/society.
Proximity Example Canada’s development with America right beside us compared to Greenland’s.
Culture: A societies values determine how they accept change, influenced by traditions, customs and believes. Ethnocentrism is when a group believes that their beliefs are superior to another groups.
Culture Example the Black Lives Matter protest.
Technology: Technology is the the most influential aspect of society. Technology has wide reach including food production, economy, education, entertainment and communication
Technology Example In the documentary, the Square, do you technology to show it was happening in Egypt without it we would have known it was going on.

Social paradigm shifts- when a a new set of ideals belief is and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and precise reality

Theories of change – was a concept developed by Malcolcom Vadwell

Evolutionary theories of change- societies change from simple beginnings to complex progress is measured in a society‘s ability To provide better living conditions. Views change as positive and beneficial to society

Cyclical- change works in a cycle like the seasons, each stage has an ideal then moves on to the next stage progress is the key feature, trends, traditions, beliefs and values change and return. Societies reach a certain level of power then die off

Cyclical Example: The Roman Empire began small but kept growing and growing until the size couldn’t be maintained, so it crumbled and then a new society was reborn.

Challenge and response- societies continually face challenges, how societies are measured by the response to those challenged change the society. Threats progress from the physical environment to internal and external threats. New societies are built on the mistakes of older societies therefore they must not repeat the same mistakes.

Challenge and response Example: when the Roman Empire was in constant war, when it crumbled they learned how to stay in their lane, because of the challenge they learned how to avoid conflict.

Functionalist theory of change- examine how a society maintains stability, each institution has a function if it isn’t meeting the needs of the society then it must change. Institutions start out simple and become more complex as society changes. New institutions mean new norms, roles, expectations and relationships.

Functionalist theory of change Example: schools going from dining tables, to churches to what we have now

Conflict theory- focus use on society inequalities, groups with opposing interests are in constant conflicts. More inequalities mean more conflict. When change happens it can be because the oppressed rise to make change. Conflict is between the obey and the command Class

Auguste Comte: his major theory was evolutionarily theory of change which is societies change from simple beginnings to contact progress is measured in a society ability to create better living conditions He also believed that a society’s primary goal should be to evolve and become more complex.

Ralf Dahrendorf: Was cofounder of the conflict change theory

Emile Durkheim: believed that social change is inevitable and follows and logical and predictable path. Society becomes more complex as it becomes more diverse.

Key theory: Structural Functionalism

Leon Festinger: created social comparison theory(unit two)

Thomas Kuhn: his main theory was social paradigm shift, when is when a new set of ideals, beliefs and values become strong enough to affect and change the way individuals see and perceive reality.

Arnold Toynbee: believed that societies continually face challenges, how societies are measured by the response to those challenged change the society. Threats progress from the physical environment to internal and external threats. New societies are built on the mistakes of older societies therefore they must not repeat the same mistakes. This is called the challenge and response theory of change**.**

Max Weber: believed that culture is the predominate force in shaping human actions and society. Rationalization, the process where all aspects of human behavior and social relationships are subject to admin eventually leads society to be covered by a cage resting in bureaucracy

Karl Marx: believes that social change is the result of competition and the conflict that arises between social classes battling economic resources. Social change needs to go through a series of stages to arrive at the desired goal**.**

Key theory: Conflict theory

Talcott Parsons: He created functionalist theory of change

Adolescence: a person at the ages 9-19 (roughly) known as the transition period between being a kid am a adult
Agents of socialization: people that shape an adolescents believes, values, ethics, culture, etc. They are usually parental figures at the beginning of a persons life then shift into friends and peers
Egocentrism: is a feeling that all adolescents go through in which they feel as though they have an imaginary audience watching them, they feel as though they need to perform for the audience which influences their choices, beliefs and mind set. This is also what usually causes “teen drama” as they want to perform for their audience.This theory was developed by David Elkind
Ethnic identity: how a person identifies with their identity
Imaginary audience: a term made by David Elkind, it is who teenagers believe is watching them at all times
Internalization: the action of absorbing an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes apart of your character
Generation: all the people living in one time over a couple of years
Prosocial behaviors: behaviors through which people benefit others, including helping others, cooperating, comforting, sharing and donating.
Roles: the function assumed or part played by a person or thing in a particular situation
Social location: the combination of factors including gender, race, social class, age, religion, sexual orientation and geographic location, which help indicate where you stand in a society
Values: intangible qualities or believes accepted and enforced by a society. Something that is good and worthwhile, it defines what is worth having and worth working towards
Value system: the order in which we put the values, from least to greatest
Alienation: estrangement or distance from what they find meaningful or from their sense of self
Conformity: act of matching attitudes, beliefs and behaviors to what individual perceived as normal to their society or social group
Typology: a system of classification designed for the understanding of types
Upward comparison: occurs when an individual compares themselves to someone who is better off
Downward comparison: when an individual compared them self to someone who is worse off
Cognitive development: Piaget developed a theory saying there were four steps of development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operation. Through the stages children progress are thinking and logical process
Developmental tasks: A task that arises predictably consistently at or about a certain period of life of the individual
Generational replacement: is a theory developed by Paul R. Abramson Ingleheart that attributes changes in values between young people and their elders to their different circumstances growing up
Personal fable: A personal drama that unfolded before an Imaginary audience, A term coined by David Elkind
Deviance: behaviour that Violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society or group
In group: defined as the popular group in a society
Out group: The outcasts of a society or group
David Elkind: developed egocentrism
Leon Festinger: developed social comparison theory which is when individuals compare themselves to other people because they are insecure of myself they compare upwards or downwards
G. Stanley Hall: developed the term adolescence, his major theory was storming through as which highlights emotions characteristics of adolescence, how teenagers emotions are rocky like a roller coaster.
Leta Stetter Hollingworth: Believe by the opposite of G Stanley Hall, she believe that adolescence go through a calm natural change gradually throughout their teenage years. She felt as though it was a fluid journey
Neil Howe: he claimed the name “millennium generation”
Kurt Lewin: he was the first psychologist to test human behavior, influenced social, experimental and personality psychology
Abram Maslow: he developed Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which shows what human needs are. He believed that our needs drive us.
Margret Mead: believed that teenager's anxiety, issues, emotions, personality and actions are driven from not knowing the future. She concluded that cultural factors lead to the emotional and psychological stress.
Robert Merton: he believed that deviance is normal, and it comes from social factors (low income, lack of education, housing, etc.). He developed social strain theory, which states that there are five types of people when it comes to social norms: the Innovator, the Reble, the Ritualist, the Retreatist and the Conformist.
Conformist: believes in norms
Ritualist: doesn’t believe in norms, but doesn’t change because that’s what they have been taught
Innovators: tries to change norms
Retreatist: jumps away from norms, and doesn’t want anything to do with them
Rebels: actively fights and does the opposite of norms
Muzafer Sherif: developed the in-group and out-group theory. It states that in groups and society there is a subgroup, which is considered popular, between them they share common beliefs, and values. Then there is the out group, who also have common believes and values among themselves, but they aren't popular, they are the outcasts.
Eduard Spranger: he believed that humans live in different states of consciousness
Bourgeoise: the members of the property-owning class those who own the means of production
Petty bourgeoise: lower middle class; shop owners, craftspeople, tradespeople.
Proletariat: the poorest of the society, low class people
Positivism: the use of science to approach to research and understand social behaviour
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Cultural hegemony: the theory that society is dominated by one ruling class and that class’s ideas and beliefs become the social norm
Social norms: shared standards, ideas and believes by a society that everyone follows
Inequality: the condition of being unequal, of not possessing the same rights and privileges as another person or group
Anomie: a condition of instability resulting from a breakdown of standards and values or from a lack of purpose or ideals
Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. This means competitive markets, price systems, private property, property rights recognition, voluntary exchange and wage labour
Antonio Grasci- believed the capitalist state-controlled society is ruled by two parts

  1. political society: makes the rules to maintain control over the people
  2. civil society: ruled by consent, the middle-class people

Examples: white supremacy, McDonalds- culturally relevant in America then became worldwide in our culture

Karl Marx- according to Marx society has been broken into two major social groups, and one minor group. The first is the bourgeoisie (middle class), the second is the proletariat (lower class) and the third is the petty bourgeoisie (upper class)
Emile Durkheim- came up with the term anomie
Class- a group of people with similar levels of wealth and income

Class system- an open system where boundaries between classes are vaguely defined by movement is allowed

Caste system- an open system where a person's social status us determined at birth

Closed system- A system with strict boundaries

Open system- a system with vague boundaries

Social contract- A political philosophy in which individuals implicitly agree to the terms by which they are governed by society

Social control- the study of the mechanisms, looking at pressure patterns, which society maintains a social order

Social Justice- a society or insinuation that is based on the principals of fairness and equality and the understands and value of human rights

  Social Movement- the most highly structured, rational and enduring form of collective behavior
  * Social class- factors that a group have in common such as wealth, income, education and occupation. These factors help determine how much power a person has.
  * Social mobility- is a personas ability to move up or down within a society
  * Vertical mobility- a change in social class that results in movement up or down the class structure
  * Absolute poverty-

  * Correctional system- a system designed to punish to deprive a person of things of value because an offence the person is deemed to have committed
  * Crime- the violation of statutes enacted by governments into criminal law
  * Criminal justice system- a system comprising institutions and process responsible for enforcing criminal statues
  * Justice- fair dealing and a sense if equality, and the condition of being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities
  * Primary deviance- deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that isn't part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept

  * Secondary deviance- deviance in which an individual's life and identity are organized around breaking society's norms
  * Achieved status- a social positions attained by a person largely through their effort
  * Intrageneration mobility- the move made in one generation (I'm going to work hard for what I want)
  * Intergenerational mobility- social movement experience by the family members from one generation to the next
  * Meritocracy- a system, organization or society in which people are chosen and moved into positions of success, power and influence. Based off their work and merit.

  * Relative poverty- when a household receives 50% less than an average household's income
  * Stigma- describes the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance
  * White-collar crime- offences involving embezzlement, price fixing and stock market manipulation by influential people

Kinglsey David: main theory was functionalist perspective, which states that all societies have important tasks that need to get done. Some positions are more important than others, so the most qualified people foe the job should fill the roll. Important jobs that take more training show be rewarded with more money and privilege.

W.E.B DuBois: he believed that an empirical science adhering to the methods utilised by the physical sciences, society major adjective is to study the deeds of men and to provide a science of human action.

George H. Mead.: main theory was symbolic interactionist

Rebert Merton: main theory was social strain theory

John Rawls: wrote the principals of social justice, to do this he created a vail of ignorance, which means to take out all biases, opinions and prior knowledge and on society.

Wilbert More: main theory was functionalist perspective
Mervin Tumin: main theory was functionalist perspective, although he disagreed with the other two and thought that the most important position isn't always paid the most,
Klaus Abbink: was a professor in the department of economics and he researched experimental and behavioural economics
Edward Becker: believed that individuals labeled as deviants face problems because of their reactions to themselves and others in comparison to the stereotype of a deviant
Travis Hirschi: created social control theory, which is the idea that delinquent children fail to make societal bonds consisting of attachment to parents, peers, school, occupational environments, academic involvement and belief in social rules and convention.