Common bonds and valence electrons among elements

Hydrogen (H)

1 valence electron, forms 1 bond.

Carbon (C)

4 valence electrons, forms 4 bonds

Nitrogen (N)

5 valence electrons, forms 3 bonds and has 1 lone pair

Oxygen (O)

6 valence electrons, forms 2 bonds and has 2 lone pairs

Fluorine (F)

7 valence electrons, forms 1 bond and has 3 lone pairs

Chlorine (Cl)

7 valence electrons, forms 1 bond and has 3 lone pairs (similar to fluorine)

Sulfur (S)

Typically forms 2 or 6 bonds, depending on the molecule