AS101 Final Exam GRL quizzes

All GRL questions

The term “heifer” may be used to describe:

• a very young (< 2 weeks old) female calf

• a female bovine approximately 14 months of age and nearing or at puberty

• a female bovine pregnant with her first calf

• all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following terms does NOT refer to a castrated male?

• Barrow

• Colt

• Wether

• Steer

Colt

Approximately how much time elapses from the time a beef cow is bred to the time her offspring would be sold as a market-ready animal?

2 years

The countries that have the highest numbers of livestock (e.g. cattle, hogs) are also always the world leaders for production of meat from that species? True or False

False

Which animal industry is vertical integration best illustrated?

Broiler

Which of the following is true regarding morbidity?

• It causes dramatic death losses

• It may have a greater economic impact than mortality

• It is always clearly visible

• It only ever affects small numbers of animals

It may have a greater economic impact than mortality

Pork production in China is approximately ___ times more than the pork production in the United States (measured in tons of pork produced.)

6 times

Which country has the most, or nearly the most numbers of animals for nearly every livestock species?

China

Which of the following is an equid:

• Horse

• Donkey

• Zebra

• All of the above

All of the above

What is a reasonable birth weight for piglets?

3 lbs

Which of the following are reasons (or a reason) that most of the predicted increase in meat consumption will occur in developing countries?

• Consumption of meat per person is currently lower in developing countries

• Developing countries have increasing per capita incomes

• Population will increase faster in developing countries

• All of the above

All of the above

What is the biggest source of calories/energy in the diet of people living in the U.S.?

Sugar and fat

What is one of the most valuable non-food animal products to U.S farmers and farmers in less developed countries?

Fertilizer

Mohair fibers come from what species of animal?

Goats

What is a primary role for animals in under-developed countries, but not in developed countries?

Draft/work

The availability and consumption of animal-based foods is closely linked with the level of agricultural technology in the country along with the region’s ______________________.

Economic status

Examples of human health issues that are being researched using animals as models include:

• Human aging

• Nutrition and diabetes

• Reproductive technologies

• All of the above

All of the above

Which species has the highest or most efficient feed conversion?

Poultry

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population is directly involved in agriculture?

Less than 2%

How many people are expected to be alive on Earth in 2050?

9.5 billion

How has feed efficiency of broilers changed over the past 50 years?

It now takes approximately 1/2 as much feed to add a pound of gain as it did in 1950

What will increasing light on hens result in?

Greater production

What is one of the challenges to developing more vertical integration in the livestock industries?

Amount of capital and money needed

What is molt?

• A natural loss of feathers

• When egg production ceases for a period of time

• A period of rest which allows for greater production when molting is completed

• All of the above

All of the above

How has the efficiency and speed of growing broilers to market weight changed over the past 50 years?

Broiler weights have increased while days on feed have decreased

Which of the following production factors is of major importance in large-scale broiler production?

• Feed Conversion

• Disease resistance

• Weight gain

• All of the above

All of the above

What geographic portion of the US is broiler production concentrated?

Southeast

Which of the following constitutes the largest portion of the poultry industry in the United States?

Broilers

A goal for egg production is approximately how many eggs per hen per year?

280

What was the biggest change in egg production related to animal welfare concerns?

What size of cage they are housed in

How do the needs differ from a backgrounding operation and a feedlot?

Backgrounding has lower ADG than a feedlot

What is a typical feed conversion for a beef steer in a commercial feedlot?

6 lb feed/ 1 lb gain

Rancher Rob has 100 cows he turned out with bulls in May. In the fall he culls 8 opens, and he also loses 10 calves in the spring. The rest of the cows wean healthy calves in the fall. What is his percent calf crop?

82%

What age are steers and heifers when sold for slaughter?

13-18 months

In comparing a commercial feedlot and farmer-feeders, which is true:

• Farmer-feeders are more likely to custom feed cattle.

• Farmer-feeders are more likely to be located in the drier climates further west

• Famer-feeders account for a smaller percentage of cattle marketed.

• All of the above

Farmer-feeders account for a smaller percentage of cattle marketed

Which portion of the beef industry is focused on providing genetic change through the sale of breeding stock?

Seedstock

What is the most important factor associated with the profitability of a cow-calf operation?

% calf crop

What is a decent ADG for feedlot cattle?

4 lbs / day

How do you calculate percent calf crop?

# calves weaned / # cows exposed for breeding

Which group of the beef industry is most interested in selling genetics?

Seedstock

Which group of the beef industry is most interested in selling weight?

Commercial

How long is the dry period for a dairy cow?

60 days

What happens during the dry period of a dairy cow?

Mammary tissue is regenerated

When is a dairy cow in a negative energy balance?

The first 80 days post-calving

What has happened to the US dairy industry over the past 50 years?

The number of cows has decreased and total milk production increased

What is the difference between a farm flock and a range flock?

Farm flocks use black-faced ewes, range flocks use white faced

What breed of dairy cow has the highest average production of pounds of milk per lactation?

Holstein

What country/region is a world leader in exports of lamb and wool products

Australia

What do black faced breed of sheep produce better than white faced?

Lean and heavy muscled carcasses

What can laminitis be caused by?

• Excess consumption of lush grass or legumes

• Excess grain consumption

• Ingestion of large amounts of cold water when overheated

• All of the above

All of the above

What is a reddish colored horse with the same colored mane and tail?

Sorrell

In horse racing:

• Thoroughbreds are the most common breed used in long distance flat racing

• Steeple chase racing is the most popular form of racing in the US

• Harness racing is done primarily with draft horses

• All of the above

• None of the above

Thoroughbreds are the most common breed used in long distance flat racing

Which is true regarding the senses of horses:

• Areas that should be desensitized to touch during training are the mouth and side

• Areas where sensitivity should be maintained are the feet and legs

• Hearing is more well developed than sight

• All of the above

Hearing is more developed than sight

In what segment of the equine industry is the majority of current numbers of horses?

Pleasure

What part of the horses hoof that helps absorb shock and provide traction?

The frog

When is the natural breeding season of a mare?

May-June

How many inches tall is a 16 hand horse?

64 inches

Equine training:

• Has a goal of horses being ready for sale at 2 years of age

• Should use reinforcement that is contingent and instantaneous with the horse's action

• Can use both positive and negative reinforcement

• All of the above

All of the above

What is the least common quality grade for cattle, with less than 10% being in this grade?

Prime

What is not a factor used to calculate beef yield grades?

Marbling

Which of the following is true regarding marketing beef cattle:

• In "grid" marketing, the price for animals sold is based on the average of the entire pen.

• In grid marketing, the seller is paid based on the USDA grades of each carcass.

• Contract and negotiated grid marketing, negotiated grid marketing is the most common.  

• All of the above.

In grid marketing the seller is paid based on the USDA grades of each carcass

In comparing carcasses of similar weights from an average beef steer and an average dairy steer, in most cases the beef carcass would be?

Heavier muscled

What beef quality grade would only be used for older cows?

Utility

Which of the following would represent an "average" beef carcass in the industry?:

• 900 lb carcass, .1 inch fat, 18.0 square inch ribeye, 1.0 yield grade

• 800 lb carcass, .5 inch fat, 13.5 square inch ribeye, 3.0 yield grade

• 500 lb carcass, .8 inch fat, 8.0 square inch ribeye, 2.0 yield grade

• 200 lb carcass, .25 inch fat, 6.0 square inch ribeye

800 lb carcass, .5 inch fat, 13.5 square inch ribeye, 3.0 yield grade

Which of the following is true regarding inspection and grading?:

• Inspection is mandatory, grading is optional

• The U.S. government pays for inspection, the packer pays for grading

• Inspection deals with food safety, grading is a marketing tool

• All of the above

All of the above

What species is USDA grading used the least?

Pork

Which is true regarding lamb grading?:

• Most lambs quality grade at Prime or Choice

• The only factor in lamb yield grading is fat thickness

• A carcass with "spool" joints is not considered lamb

• All of the above

All of the above

What are quality grades used to predict?

Palatability

What class of nutrients can become toxic if consumed in excess?

Minerals

What should happen to the nutrient concentration when you go from an as-fed basis to a DM basis?

Nutrient concentration will increase

What types of amino acids are needed by the animal but cannot be synthesized by them?

Essential

What provides an accurate indication of forage digestibility?

Acid detergent fibers

What is not a product of rumen microbes that is utilized by the animal?

Fat soluble vitamins A, D, E

What should happen to the weight when converting DM to as-fed?

Weight should increase

What is TDN a measure of?

Energy

Where is the site of microbial fermentation in the digestive system of a horse?

Cecum

What is the primary site of absorption for all species?

Small intestine

What does NPN stand for?

Non-protein nitrogen

If the feeding program for your beef cows is adequate nutritionally and you are not wasting money on unnecessary feed, your cows should be in what range of condition scores throughout the year?

5-6

What class of nutrients is the most energy dense?

Fats

What is not a consideration when determining the nutrient requirements of an animal?

What feedstuffs are available

How many pounds of hay would a 1300 non-working horse need for maintenance per day?

25 lbs

What are the 2 major functions of the small intestine?

Enzymatic breakdown and nutrient absorption

Which of the following is a water- soluble vitamin which can be synthesized by microbes in the rumen?

• A

• B₆

• E

• D

• All of the above

• None of the above

B6

What is the normal consumption of beef cows?

2-3% of BW in DM

What species is split sex feeding and phase feeding is used most often with?

Market hogs

What feedstuffs would have the most difference between as-fed and DM nutrient content

Any silage or haylage

What is the phenotype controlled by?

A combination of the genotype and environment

The amount that the average offspring of an animal is expected to perform above the average of the population is the ______ for that animal.

Expected progeny difference

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the amount of genetic change that can be made per year?

• Heritability

• Environmental factors

• Selection Differential

• Generation interval

Environmental factors

Given that black is dominant to red, if a homozygous black male is mated to a homozygous red female, all the offspring will be:

Black

• Heterozygous

• Red

• Homozygous

• Black and heterozygous

• Red and homozygous

Black and heterozygous

What are the 2 main reasons for crossbreeding?

Complement strengths of different breeds and increase heterosis

What trait would you expect to make the fastest genetic progress?

Rib eye area

What is the percent of phenotypic variation that is due to genetics and that can be passed on from parents to offspring?

Heritability

If you mate a bull from whom you expect 600 lb. average weaning weight calves to cows that average 400 lb. weaning weight calves, yet the calves average a 540 lb. weaning weight, the additional 40 lbs. over the average of the parents is due to:

Heterosis

DNA testing has the most potential benefit for producers with traits:

Post selection ex: carcass quality and palatability

What sign of estrus is common across all livestock species?

Standing to be mounted

What hormone causes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum?

LH

What is happening physiologically, in the estrus cycle, when the CL is regressing because a pregnancy has not occurred?

A new follicle is developing

Follicle stimulating hormone, or FSH:

Stimulates follilular growth and stimulates testicles to nourish new sperm