METABOLISM EXAM REVIEW

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39 Terms

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Redox

An electron transfer reaction.

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Coupled Reaction

A type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together.

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Endergonic

A chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants.

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Exergonic

A chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants.

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Isomerase

The enzyme that converts DHAP to G3P in glycolysis.

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Isomers

Molecules that have the same composition as another but a different arrangement of atoms.

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Phosphorylated

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP to another molecule.

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SLP

The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.

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Chemiosmosis

A way to make ATP; involves a proton pump and a gradient across a membrane.

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Dehydrogenase

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate.

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Decarboxylation

A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2.

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CoA

A molecule that shuttles to the citric acid cycle (CAC).

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Impermeable

Cannot pass through the membrane.

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Aerobic

Organisms or processes that require oxygen.

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Anaerobic

Organisms that can live without oxygen (e.g., yeast).

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Facultative Anaerobe

Organisms that can do either aerobic or anaerobic processes (e.g., muscle cells).

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Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate; occurs in the cytoplasm.

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ETC

Electron Transport Chain; converts O2 to H2O and makes 32 ATP in the cristae of mitochondria.

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CAC

Citric Acid Cycle; occurs in the matrix and generates NADH and FADH from acetyl-CoA.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic process occurring in muscle cells; converts pyruvate to lactate.

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Ethanol Fermentation

Anaerobic process occurring in yeast; converts pyruvate to ethanol.

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Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.

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Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria, possess circular DNA, and have double membranes.

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Isomers in Glycolysis

Includes glucose 6-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate and DHAP/G3P.

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Glycolysis Products

2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.

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ATP in Glycolysis

Made by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) reactions.

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Recycled Molecule in CAC

Oxaloacetate is the recycled molecule.

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CAC Products per Glucose

8 NADH, 6 CO2, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP.

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Oxidation of Pyruvate

Involves decarboxylation, NADH formation, and conversion to Acetyl-CoA.

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NADH Purpose

Generates energy and carries electrons to the transport chain.

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FADH Purpose

Serves a similar function to NADH in energy production.

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ETC Location

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.

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Roles of ETC

Electron transport and Proton pumping.

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ATP in ETC

ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation.

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ETC Products

12 H2O and 32 ATP.

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Final Electron Acceptor

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.

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ETC Disruption

Cyanide can disrupt the electron transport chain.

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Fermentation Purpose

To regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going when O2 is not present.

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Fermentation Products

Ethanol and NAD+ from fermentation; lactate and NAD+ from lactic acid fermentation.