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Redox
An electron transfer reaction.
Coupled Reaction
A type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together.
Endergonic
A chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants.
Exergonic
A chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants.
Isomerase
The enzyme that converts DHAP to G3P in glycolysis.
Isomers
Molecules that have the same composition as another but a different arrangement of atoms.
Phosphorylated
The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP to another molecule.
SLP
The formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
Chemiosmosis
A way to make ATP; involves a proton pump and a gradient across a membrane.
Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate.
Decarboxylation
A chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2.
CoA
A molecule that shuttles to the citric acid cycle (CAC).
Impermeable
Cannot pass through the membrane.
Aerobic
Organisms or processes that require oxygen.
Anaerobic
Organisms that can live without oxygen (e.g., yeast).
Facultative Anaerobe
Organisms that can do either aerobic or anaerobic processes (e.g., muscle cells).
Glycolysis
The metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate; occurs in the cytoplasm.
ETC
Electron Transport Chain; converts O2 to H2O and makes 32 ATP in the cristae of mitochondria.
CAC
Citric Acid Cycle; occurs in the matrix and generates NADH and FADH from acetyl-CoA.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic process occurring in muscle cells; converts pyruvate to lactate.
Ethanol Fermentation
Anaerobic process occurring in yeast; converts pyruvate to ethanol.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria.
Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria, possess circular DNA, and have double membranes.
Isomers in Glycolysis
Includes glucose 6-phosphate/fructose 6-phosphate and DHAP/G3P.
Glycolysis Products
2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
ATP in Glycolysis
Made by substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP) reactions.
Recycled Molecule in CAC
Oxaloacetate is the recycled molecule.
CAC Products per Glucose
8 NADH, 6 CO2, 2 FADH, and 2 ATP.
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Involves decarboxylation, NADH formation, and conversion to Acetyl-CoA.
NADH Purpose
Generates energy and carries electrons to the transport chain.
FADH Purpose
Serves a similar function to NADH in energy production.
ETC Location
Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.
Roles of ETC
Electron transport and Proton pumping.
ATP in ETC
ATP is produced through oxidative phosphorylation.
ETC Products
12 H2O and 32 ATP.
Final Electron Acceptor
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the ETC.
ETC Disruption
Cyanide can disrupt the electron transport chain.
Fermentation Purpose
To regenerate NAD+ to keep glycolysis going when O2 is not present.
Fermentation Products
Ethanol and NAD+ from fermentation; lactate and NAD+ from lactic acid fermentation.
Note 
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