Unit 6 Part 1

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Unions

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45 Terms

1

Unions

Organizations of workers formed to protect and advocate for their rights, wages, and working conditions.

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2

Collective Bargaining

The process where workers, through their unions, negotiate contracts with employers regarding wages, hours, benefits, and working conditions.

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3

Knights of Labor

A 19th-century labor organization that sought to unite all workers, regardless of trade, to advocate for broad social reforms.

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4

Haymarket Riot

A violent labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that turned deadly when a bomb was thrown at police; it influenced public perceptions of the labor movement.

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5

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

A federation of trade unions founded in 1886, focusing on skilled workers and practical economic goals.

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6

Homestead Strike

A violent 1892 labor dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and its workers, resulting in a battle with Pinkerton agents.

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7

Pinkerton

A private security agency often hired by businesses to suppress labor strikes and protect property.

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8

Pullman Strike

A nationwide railroad strike in 1894 over wage cuts and high rents in company-owned housing, leading to federal intervention.

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9

Socialist Party of America

A political party advocating for socialism, including workers' rights and public ownership of industry.

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10

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

A radical labor union formed in 1905, advocating for the overthrow of capitalism and industrial democracy.

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11

New South

A term describing the post-Civil War Southern economy's shift from agriculture to industrialization and economic diversity.

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12

Convict Lease

A system where prisoners were leased out to private companies for labor, often in harsh and exploitative conditions.

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13

Poll Tax

A fee required to vote, used to disenfranchise African Americans and poor whites in the South.

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14

Jim Crow

Laws and practices enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchisement in the Southern United States.

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15

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court case upholding racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

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16

Robber Barons

A term for wealthy and powerful industrialists of the late 19th century, often criticized for exploitative practices.

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17

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period.

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18

Vertical Integration

A business strategy where a company controls all aspects of production, from raw materials to finished goods.

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19

Horizontal Integration

A business strategy where a company merges with or acquires competitors to dominate a specific market.

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20

Interlocking Directorates

A practice where the same individuals serve on the boards of directors for multiple companies, reducing competition.

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21

Corporation

A business entity legally distinct from its owners, allowing it to own property, incur debt, and raise capital.

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22

Trust

A business arrangement where multiple companies are managed under a single board to reduce competition and control markets.

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23

Holding Company

A company created to own and control other companies' stock, often used to establish monopolies.

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24

Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company

An 1886 Supreme Court case that established corporations as having legal personhood under the Fourteenth Amendment.

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25

Sherman Antitrust Act

A 1890 federal law aimed at preventing monopolistic practices and promoting fair competition.

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26

United States v. E.C. Knight Company

An 1895 Supreme Court case limiting the government's power to regulate monopolies under the Sherman Antitrust Act.

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27

Scientific Management

A system developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor to improve efficiency in industry through standardized procedures and worker productivity analysis.

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28

Great Plains

A vast, flat region in the central United States known for its agriculture and role in westward expansion.

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29

Transcontinental Railroad

A railway connecting the eastern and western United States, completed in 1869, facilitating commerce and settlement.

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30

Treaty of Fort Laramie

An agreement between the U.S. government and Native American tribes guaranteeing tribal lands in exchange for peaceful relations.

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31

Treaty of Medicine Lodge

A series of 1867 agreements relocating Plains tribes to reservations in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

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32

Sand Creek Massacre

An 1864 attack by Colorado militia on a Cheyenne and Arapaho village, killing many, including women and children.

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33

Battle of the Little Bighorn

An 1876 battle where Sioux and Cheyenne warriors defeated U.S. forces led by General Custer, also known as 'Custer's Last Stand.'

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34

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers serving in the U.S. Army on the Western frontier after the Civil War.

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35

Land Rush

Events where settlers raced to claim land made available by the government, such as the Oklahoma Land Rush of 1889.

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36

Dawes Act

A 1887 law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by dividing tribal lands into individual allotments.

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37

Ghost Dance

A spiritual movement among Native Americans, promising the return of ancestral lands and the disappearance of white settlers.

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38

Wounded Knee Massacre

An 1890 massacre where U.S. troops killed hundreds of Lakota Sioux, marking the end of major Native American resistance.

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39

Comstock Lodge

A significant silver ore deposit discovered in Nevada in 1859, sparking a mining boom.

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40

Long Drive

The herding of cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas, part of the cattle industry in the late 19th century.

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41

Homestead Act

A 1862 law providing free land to settlers willing to farm it for at least five years, encouraging westward expansion.

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42

Deflation

A decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often causing economic challenges for farmers and debtors.

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43

Mormons

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, who settled in Utah to escape religious persecution.

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44

Californios

Mexican residents of California who faced economic and social marginalization after the U.S. annexation of California.

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45

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 federal law banning Chinese labor immigration, reflecting widespread anti-Chinese sentiment.

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