semester one final exam review

Local Culture (LDC)

Small group, homogeneous, rural, resists change.

Popular Culture (MDC)

Big group, heterogeneous, urban, changes quickly through social media.

Material Culture (MDC)

Includes physical objects such as buildings, food, and clothing.

Nonmaterial Culture (LDC)

Includes ideas, religion, traditions, languages, and philosophies.

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.

Placelessness (Edward Relph)

A condition wherein a landscape lacks unique character.

Globalization

The process by which businesses develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

MDC (Most Developed Countries)

Countries that are economically advanced and have a high standard of living.

LDC (Least Developed Countries)

Nations with low levels of income and less industrialization.

Identity

The qualities, beliefs, personality, looks, and expressions that make a person or group.

Race

A social construct based on perceived biological differences, often related to physical characteristics.

Ethnicity

Cultural factors, including nationality, culture, ancestry, language, and beliefs.

Racism

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race.

Centripetal Forces

Forces that unify people and enhance support for a state.

Centrifugal Forces

Forces that divide or disrupt a state and create disunity.

Lingua Franca

A common language used by speakers of different native languages for trade and commerce.

Pidgin Language

A simplified form of language that develops as a means of communication between speakers of different languages.

Creole Language

A stable natural language that has evolved from a pidgin, usually mixing elements from different languages.

Conquest Theory

The theory suggesting that the Indo-European language spread through conquests.

Dispersal Theory

The theory that languages spread through migration and gradual diffusion.

Agriculture Theory

Suggests that language spread along with agricultural practices.

Religious Fundamentalism

A strict, literal interpretation of religious texts that promotes strict behavioral codes.

Interfaith Boundaries

Regions where different religions approach and sometimes conflict.

Intrafaith Boundaries

Regions where divisions exist within a single religion.

Ethnic Cleansing

The systematic eradication of groups of people based on ethnicity.

Sequent Occupance

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place.

Global-Local Continuum

The idea that global and local influences interact and shape each other.

Glocalization

The adaptation of global products to fit local cultures and preferences.

Morphology

The study of the forms and structures in languages.

Top 10 Spoken Languages

Mandarin, Arabic, Hindi, English, Spanish, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, German.

Evenness (in population distribution)

A measure of how evenly different races or ethnicities are distributed across an area.

Centralized Distribution

When a particular race or ethnicity is concentrated in the urban core.

Redlining

The practice of denying financial services to residents of certain areas based on race.

Blockbusting

A process where real estate agents encourage white property owners to sell their homes cheaply.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her lifetime.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate.

Doubling Time (DT)

The time it takes for a population to double in size.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes population change over time through specific stages.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places.

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Push Factors

Reasons that induce people to leave their current location.

Pull Factors

Reasons that attract people to a new location.

Ernst Ravenstein

A British demographer known for his laws of migration.

Urbanization

The increasing number of people that live in urban areas.

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Cyclic Movement

Movement that occurs in a regular, repeatable pattern.

Refugee

A person who seeks safety in another country due to fear of persecution.

Asylum Seeker

A person who has fled their own country and seeks sanctuary in another.