semester one final exam review

UNIT 3 (my own notes! This is rare, trust me. A moment of history! :) )


Types of Culture

  • Local/Folk/Indigenous

  • Popular/ Pop Culture

  • Material culture

  • Nonmaterial culture


Culture descriptions

Local culture (LDC) - small group,homogeneous, rural, resist change


Pop culture (MDC) - big group, heterogeneous, urban, changes quickly, social media


Material culture (MDC) - buildings, food, clothing


Nonmaterial culture (LDC) - ideas, religion, traditions, languages, philosophies


Popular Culture Hearths:

North America- music, sports, fast food, media 

(media as in news, songs, movies. USA is the media capital basically)


Europe- art, fashion, philosophy


Japan- games and TV


Authentic vs Commodification

What is authentic? Cultural landscapes- statue of liberty, sphinx, Eiffel tower

Commodification- Disney world copied las vegas, put ripoff eiffel tower, fake sphinx.

How can someone tell they have something that is truly authentic in today's world?

HOMEWORK: Find at least 5 different things that have be made into commodities


Keywords and Concepts

  • Cultural Landscape

  • Placelessness- (Edward Relph)

  • Globalization

  • Global-local continuum

  • Glocalization

  • Morphology

  • Architecture

  • Sequent Occupance

  • Ethnic Neighborhoods


Race and Ethnicity

Groups in USA-

  1. Blacks

  2. White 

  3. Asian

  4. Pacific Islander

  5. American Indian

  6. 2 more (mixed)


  1. Asian

  2. South Asian

  3. White, jewish

  4. Pacific Islander

  5. American Indian

  6. 2 or more

  7. American Indian

  8. White

  9. White

  10. Asian


Race

  • Only one race, the human race!

  • Race is usually easily identified by skin color or physical appearance

  • Skin color can be difficult because several groups of people can look similar

  • No scientific/biological basis for dividing up the human species into groups based on skin color


Ethnicity

  • Harder to define

  • This is used when groups look alike but there are huge differences in culture and background

  • Examples: Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia, and Rwanda


Racism in the USA

  • Racial categories are imposed through racial segregation, racialized divisions of labor, and even he US census

  • Residential segregation: two or more groups live separately in different parts of the urban environment- How is it divided and what are some terms for this? (Douglas Massey & Nancy Denton)

  • Evenness

  • Clustered (pockets)

  • Distribution of races can be

  1. Exposure to majority is limited

  2. Concentrated with small area (less space)

  3. Centralized at urban core

This is declining in most areas, but still very prevalent in the US and other nations



  • Evenness

  • Clustered (pockets)

  • Redlining- a bank declining to help you because where of you live (idk look it up)

  • Blockbusting


Identity

  • We use experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections

  • Snapshot of who we are at a given time

  • Identity is not chiseled in stone; it is fluid, changing, shifting, and becoming


Identifying

  • To identify who we are often use the idea of identifying against. This is describing something that we’re not.


Foci of Identity

  • Nationalist, language, religion, gender, race, and ethnicity

  • These are all things we use to help identify, but by no means a complete list. We use every experience to create our identities.


Identify your Identity

  • Local- A student at Buford High School.

  • Regionally- A citizen of Georgia.

  • Nationally- I live in the USA.

  • Globally- I speak Hindi.


Languages

  • Languages are set of sounds and symbols that is used for communication

  • Fundamental part of the local and national culture

  • Language helps form and bind cultural identity

  • Language is personal because it allows people to express themselves with feelings and emotions


Top 10 spoken languages by number of speakers:

  1. Chinese (Mandarin)

  2. Arabic

  3. Hindi

  4. English

  5. Spanish

  6. Bengali

  7. Portuguese

  8. Russian

  9. Japanese

  10. German


Official Languages

Should a country have an official language?

NO 💀

What issues can arrive on both sides?


Richard Hartshore: Centripetal and centrifugal forces

Centripetal- bring together (you give them a flower because you like them :) )

Centrifugal- take apart (you say that to someone you don't like)


Understanding and Standards

  • Mutual intelligibility- ability to understand each other when speaking (DIalects??)

  • Standard Language: published, distributed, and taught

  • Why is language like identity (fluid and changing)?

  • Dialects- differences in vocabulary, syntax, pronunciation, cadence, and even pace

  • Isogloss is a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs, but not a clear line or set boundary (can be a single word)


Breakdown of PIE family

  • Spoken by 50% of people

  • Found in asia and europe

  • Most widely spoken indo-european languages:

English: 445 million

Hindi: 366 million

Spanish: 340 million


THE RENFREW HYPOTHESIS

  • Hearth is Anatolia


Language Theories- November 5, Coach Eager said, “Language theories will be on the AP exam, let's see if it happens. Write that down.” Let’s see if he was right!

  • Study these in greater detail than what we are discussing today

  • Proto-Indo-European Language-single hearth would link many modern languages

  • Renfrew Hypothesis- Present day Turkey hearth of Indo-European Languages

Theories of how language spreaded

How did the Indo-European Language spread from the Russian Steppe 5000 years ago?


  • Conquest Theory: Indo-Europeans spread west into Europe n horseback overpowering local populations and spreading their language


  • Dispersal Theory- Diffusion in a spiral around the Caspian Sea.


  • Agriculture Theory-   

Slight changes as the time goes by, as people run into other groups of people. 

(Analysis of genes from several thousands of European people showed distance decay. Pattern showed that farming people from Turkey spread westward and northward, spreading language. Modern genetic studies support this theory with a protein found in many different people across the European continent. Protein had been found in the same types of food from the proposed hearth of the Proto-Indo-European languages.)


Diffusion Process

  • Conquest, expansion, exploration, printing press, interaction, and technology

  • Lingua Franca- Language used among speakers of different languages to communicate for purposes of trade

  • Pidgin Language-combining 2 or more languages in a simplified structure and vocab

  • Creole language- pidgin language that developed a much more complex structure

  • A pidgin can become a creole if it’s been around for a long time.


Diffusion of English

  • Examples of Lingua Franca Languages:

Frankish, Arabic, Swahili (regional based)


Cognate: Word of the same origin but has shifted over time

Example: Lacte, Latta, Leche, Lait

Sound shift: A slight change in a word across language within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin.

Backward Reconstruction: tracking consonants and cognates to reconstruct elements of a prior common language, linguists can provide insight into how languages fit together and where the branches were once joined.

Deep Reconstruction:

Illichsvitych and Dolgopolsky:

Nostratic:


Religion

  • 2 major hearts for 5 major religions

India: Buddhism and Hinduism

Middle East: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam


Islam

Origin: Mecca, Saudi Arabia c. 600 c.e.

Basic beliefs: 5 pillars

Branches: Sunni and Shiites

Holy Text: Quaran and Sharia laws (some follow)

Number of adherents: around 1.9 billion

Area of concentration: Middle East and Northern Africa

Founder: Muhammed through Angel Gabriel



How to identify mormon landscapes: 

  • Symmetrical brick houses 

  • wide streets 

  • ditches (for animals and stuff)

  • unpainted fences 


Religion Origins:

Cultural Landscape: Sacred Sites


Hinduism

  • Oldest of the religions (up to c. 4000 bce)

  • 3rd largest religion: 1.2 billion

  • Origin: India

  • Ethnic Religion

  • Basic Ideas: Karma and reincarnation

  • Holy book: Vedas

  • Unknown founder

  • MONOTHEISTIC: think manifestation similar to holy trinity in christianity

  • Concentration: South Asia (India) with clusters in US and England


Vocab and Definitions

  • Interfaith Boundaries- different religions fighting/crossing paths

  • Intrafaith Boundaries- same religions fighting

  • Ethnic cleansing (genocide) -being systematic about eradicating a group of people from the planet

  • Religious fundamentalism-

-Literal interpretation of the holy book and urges strict behavioral guidelines

-These groups can become extremist causing violence and even start wars

-Exampes: Shiites, Orthodox Jews, Amish, Christians

  • Religious extremism-


Breaks in the 2 major religions

  • Christianity- 2 major breaks

11th century Great Schism, Eastern Orthodox

16th century, Protestant Revolution

Islam- 7th century death of Muhammad


Locations or Battle Fronts

  • Yugoslavia-

  • Northern Ireland

  • India

  • Israel/Palestine/West Bank

  • Horn of Africa

  • USA???


Former Yugoslavia

  • When: mid 1990’s

  • Who: mix of 3 religious groups and many ethnic groups

  • Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Muslim

  • Ethnic Cleansing

  • Major Players: Slobodan Milosevic


Northern Ireland

  • Who: Roman Catholic vs Protestant

English vs Irish

Acts of terrorism by IRA (Irish Republican Army)

You have a small island split between Ireland and Northern Ireland

North Ireland was Protestant


India

  • Who: Hindus vs Sikhs (assassination of Inidra Gandhi by Sikhs bodyguards)

  • Who: Hindus vs Muslims, current conflict in Kashmir (northern province in India/Pak border)


Israel/ Palestine/ West Bank

  • Who: Muslims, Jews, Christians

  • When: Whenever

  • Current conflict: West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights


Africa- Horn of Africa

  • Muslims vs Christians

  • Eastern Africa (Ethiopia and Somalia)

  • Colonialism, Culture Clash, Diffusion


Sacred Landscapes

  • Mahabodhi Temple; Buddhist; India

-Buddhist architecture has stupa (bell structures)


  • Varanasi; Hindu; India

-Multiple temples at the same location, on the Ganges (Ganga :) )


  • Ise Shrine/ Temple; Shinto; Japan

-Home to multiple shrines, possible sacred mirror which is very restricted access, shrine made for sun goddess


  • Tibet Monastery; Buddhist; China (Tibet)

-One of the major Buddhist monasteries in Tibet. Place of meditation.


  • Church of the Holy Sepulture

-Area of crucifixion of Jesus Christ, in Jerusalem

 


UNIT 2 (stolen from joanna)

Population

TFR- Total Fertility Rate: average number of children a woman will have

IMR- Infant Mortality Rate: 0-1 years old

CMR- Child Mortality Rate: 1-5 years old

CBR/BR/Natality- Crude/Birth Rate: Out of 1000(Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000)

CDR/DR/Mortality Rate- Crude/Death Rate: Out of 1000(Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000)

RNI- Rate of Natural Increase: birth rate-death rate/population

DT- Doubling Time: time it takes for a country to double its population(rule of 7- 0.7% growth(RNI) will double population in 100 years)

MDC(1st World)- Most Developed Countries; core countries

LDC(3rd World)- Least/less Developed Countries; periphery countries

Replacement Rate- 2.1 TFR

Dependency Ratio- number of people too young or too old to work(dependents: 0-14 and 65+) compared to the number of people in the workforce(independents)

Population Density

  • Arithmetic population density is the total number of people divided by the total area of a place, also called real density.

  • Physiological density/agricultural measures the total number of people and divides them between the total amount of farmable land.



Migration

NMR- Net Migration Rate



Negative RNI means a shrinking population

Reduced fecundity: when majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are less likely to have children(Double-income no-kid (DINK) households and single-parent–single-child homes are far more common; higher rates of divorce.)


Population

Current population: 8 billion


Models

Demographic Transition Model(DTM)- a theory of how population changes over time and provides insights into issues of migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women.

World standards: Birth rate average 17 and death rate average 8

Once a country moves from one step to the next it will not back track, unless a cataclysmic event.

Countries must go through each stage.


Stage 1

  • Equal, fluctuating, and high birth and death rate; natural increase: stable or slow increase

  • Hunting and gathering(pre-agricultural societies)

  • Low population

  • There is no country in the world that is in this stage


Stages 2

  • Birth rates are exponentially increasing and death rates are exponentially decreasing; natural increase: very rapid increase

  • Highest RNI

  • Death rates are declining due to more stable food source

  • Population explosion

  • Farming/agricultural societies

  • Children are born for labor; they are backup plan for parents

  • High TMR, CMR, and IMR




Stage 3

  • Birth rates are falling and death rates are falling more slowly; linear; natural increase: increase slows down

  • Industrial societies

  • BRIC(Brazil, Russia, India, China) countries are LDC(less developed countries)

  • Industrial revolution; mechanized system of farming

  • Factories in urban areas

  • Less TFR due to women entering workforce

  • Birth and death rates decline due to urbanization and medical advancements

Stage 4

  • Equal and low birth rates and death rates; natural increase: stable or slow increase

  • Tertiary societies(service jobs)

  • Move from factories/production to service industries and selling products

  • TFR at/below 2

  • Some countries are experiencing too low birth rates and paying or giving incentives for children

  • Child become economic liability

  • High standard of living; low birth rates due to access to birth control

  • High population but even growth

  • Moving towards zero population growth(ZPG)

  • DINK(double income, no kids)


Stage 5

  • very low birth rates and low death rates; natural increase: slow increase

  • Deaths rates slightly increase due to diseases evolving


Epidemiological Transition Model- development due to the increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances


S-curve- future

J-curve- now


Population Pyramids

  • Graphic way of depicting population data

  • 5 sub-groups called: Cohorts

  • Age-sex composition

Look At…

  • Width of base

  • Symmetry

  • Shape

  • Bumps

Main Types

  • Expansive: Early(Stage 1 pyramid; Less developed) and Late(Stage 2 pyramid; least developed)

  • Constructive: Smaller base(Stage 3 pyramid)

  • Stationary: Stays the same(Stage 4 pyramid; developed)

  • Declining: population decreasing(Stage 5 pyramid; most developed)


Thomas Malthus

  • British economist in the 1700s that coined the term “overpopulation”

  • Wrote “On Population” and stated that Britain would overpopulation and face a famine by the late 1800s

  • Correctly assumed population was increasing exponentially, but was incorrect on agriculture because new technology helped yield more resources

Neo-Malthusians

  • Theoretical

  • Believed that due to the high number of births and increasing population, the number of resources needed won’t be enough


Health & Well-Being

Infectious- caused parasites

  • Vectored: transmitted by an intermediary(mosquitos, fleas, flies, worms, snails, etc.)

  • Non-vectored: transmitted through direct contact

Chronic/Degenerative- usually affects the older population and developed countries

Genetic- passed from family/hereditary; some are carriers, some are affected


Infectious

  • Usually higher in tropical climates and areas with animals/livestock- vectored

  • Common in undeveloped countries

  • Infrastructure and movement of population can speed up diffusion process(accessibility, distance, connectivity)- non-vectored

  • Ex. Malaria, Yellow fever, dengue fever, HIV/AIDS, Influenza


Chronic/Degenerative

  • Affects the older population and can appear out of nowhere, but have actually been building up throughout lifetime

  • Common in developing countries

  • Ex. Heart disease, cancers, stroke, diabetes

Genetic

  • Hereditary diseases that only affect a smaller percentage of people

  • Can have it with no effects/symptoms; a carrier

  • Can affect a certain race/gender

  • Ex. Hemophilia, Sickle-cell, Tay-sachs


Government Population Policies

  • Pro-Natalist: increase population

  • Anti-Natalist: decrease population

  • Expansive Population Policies: increase population

  • Eugenic Population Policies: favors one racial/cultural group(ex. Nazis)

  • Restrictive Population Policies: decrease population(ex. One-Child Policy)

Government Immigration Policies

  • Why- Visa

  • Where- Quota

  • Background- Criminal, find out who and where your money goes to, mental health, interviews

  • Health

Types of Movement: Cyclic and Migration

  • Cyclic Movement: moves/leaves and will return

  • Migration: moves permanently

Cyclic Movement

  • Snowbirds- move seasonally due to climate(ex. Canada to Florida, California, etc.)

  • Pastoralism- moves livestock seasonally for freshwater and green postures

  • Transhumance- a type of pastoralism when livestock are moved vertically to highlands during the summer and to the lowlands during the winter

Migration

  • Forces or voluntary

  • International, transnational(stay in touch after moving), or internal

  • Guest workers

  • Chain migration 

  • Step migration 

  • Intervening Obstacle 

  • Intervening Opportunity

  • Ex. The Great Migration- forced migration of the African Americans

  • Rust Belt to Sun Belt- Northeastern and Middle US(Rust Belt) to 

  • Forced migrations- Native Americans, trafficking, labor by private industry or government 



Ernst Ravenstein

  • British demographer in the 1800s

  • Developed series of laws that can still be applied to today

  • Distance decay

  • Gravity model

Laws of Migration

  • Migration flow generates return of counter-migration

  • Majority move short distances and long distances usually settle in big cities

  • Urban migrate less to rural inhabitants

  • Families are less likely to move than young adults(18-30 yrs)

Terms- 

  • Coyote

  • Wet feet dry land

Push-Pull Factors

Guest Workers, Migrant Labor-Visas, Remittances


IDP and Refugees(forced)

  • Asylum Seeker

  • IDP- internal(stays in country)

  • Refugee- crosses border

  • Repatriation- returning refugee back to their country

Major Migrations Prior to 1950

Notes Over Migration Projects


Suggestions:


Population Pyramids


  • countries with lower fertility rates and longer life expectancies have population pyramids that are shaped more uniformly throughout.



countries with high total fertility rates, high infant mortality rates, and low life expectancies wil have population pyramids with wide bases and narrow tops.





UNIT 1…and yes, you guessed correctly. .once again, stolen from Joanna…


Large scale-1:2,000 Small scale-1:2,000,000

Geographers are interested in the spatial distribution of a phenomenon.

Two Types of maps

Reference maps- displays specific geographic LOCATIONS/features (political and physical); ex. Democratic vs. Republican states

Thematic maps- geographic info, shows a theme/story


Thematic Maps:

Choropleth Map- visualizes data using different colors/patterns

Dot Map- uses dots to visualize data(density)

Graduated/Proportional Symbol Map- uses symbols to visualize data(the bigger the denser)

Isoline Map- uses lines to depict data(lines closer together indicate a rapid change in data-ex. rapid elevation increase-lines further apart indicate a smaller change in data) ex. Topographic map, weather

Mercator projection- distorted area as you move away from the equator(ex. land is depicted bigger than it actually is); correct shapes, directions, compass bearing

Mollweide projection- ATTEMPTS to preserve the area of map features and avoids high-latitude distortions(distorts polar regions)

Robinson Projection- distribution all distortions equally(a little of everything); better portrays the relationship between land and water areas and does not distort countries at high latitudes nearly as much

Conical Projection

Homolosine(interrupted) Projection

Azimuthal Projection

Geospace Technologies:

Global Positioning System(GPS)- gathers data; finding locations

Geographic Information System(GIS)- layers; finding answers to research-based questions

Remote Sensing- gathers information about geographic location through satellite imagery, aerial photos, etc.; help visualize population patterns and other geospatial information

Time Zones- 15 degrees

Distance decay- the further apart 2 things are, the less they will be connected

Time-Space Compression- decreased distance between places measured by the time/cost it takes to travel between them(ex. travel by boat in 1800s vs. flying airplane); time between 2 places to travel decreased, but the actual physical distance did not change

Human Environmental Interaction- Natural resources, sustainability, and land use

Environmental Determinism- Environment determines culture; people’s behavior is controlled by the environment

Possibilism- opposite of environmental determinism; humans are the driving force in shaping their culture; people can overcome environmental barriers

Location Theory


Scales of analysis:

Global-  what a phenomenon looks like in a GLOBAL scale

Regional- compare regions(ex. Eurasia, North America, Sub-Saharan African)

Local- state/city level analysis; distinct locations; strong sense of place

Cultural barriers vs. physical barriers


Regions:

Formal region- linked by common traits like language, religion, economic prosperity (culture)

Functional regions- shared function like political and economic functions (nodes)

Perceptual/vernacular region- shared beliefs and feelings; defined by perception; vague borders


Diffusion:

Relocation- spread of culture traits due to migration of peoples; people relocate (few adopters)

Expansion- spreads through a population from its cultural hearth; adopters increase


Types of Expansion Diffusion:

Contagious diffusion (exponential)- spreads rapidly through a population without regarding class, race, power (demographics); ex. Covid 19, Michael Jordan(everyone knows him; Jordan brand)

Hierarchical diffusion (high linear)- spread from top to bottom; spreads to higher class/more important people first, and then lower class people adopt it; ex. AIDs, King, celebrity trends, fashion)

Stimulus Diffusion (low linear)- spread of a principle/idea without accompanying all of its traits due to cultural barriers(religion); ex. McDonalds is everywhere, but they have different menus depending on each place, like India’s menu is vegetarian)


Five Themes- location, place, human-environment interaction, movement, and region

Globalization- increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the many peoples of the world who all live and work on one large planet


People+Dark Ages:

Carl Sauer

Herodotus

Aristotle

Eratosthenes

Strabo

Hipparchus

Aristotle: Environmental determinism 

Alexander Ptolemy

Al-Idrisi

Ibn-Batata

Dias

Columbus

Da Gama

Magella

Cook

Gerardus Mercator

Thomas Malthus

Warren Thompson



Doubling Time(DT)- 0.7 growth will double population in 100 yrs (rule of 7)

Population replacement rate- 2.1

Total Fertility Rate(TFR)- number of children a woman will have

Infant mortality rate(IMR)- 0-1 yrs

Child mortality rate(CBR)- 1-5 yrs

Birth rate(BR)- out of 1000 people

Death Rate(DR)- out of 100 people

RNI- Rate of natural increase

Physiological- number of people per arable land

Arithmetic- number of people per square mile



Demographic transition model(DTM)

Stages 1- equal and high birth and death rate

Stages 2- BR is exponentially increasing; DR is exponentially decreasing

Stage 3-  linear; BRIC countries are LDC(less developed countries); industrial revolution

Stage 4- equal and low birth rates and death rates


Epidemiological transition model


SAISHA’S Notes


Pros of globalization-

More trade

More spread of info and ideas

Travel increasing


What's perception based off of-

-you haven’t been there, no experiences, what's in your mind

-based off of movies, media, hearing


Regions-

-three types of regions. 

-A formal region is an area within which everyone shares distinctive characteristics. 

-formal regions share physical and cultural aspects

-A functional region is an area organized around a node. 

-A as diffusion- adopters have no increase


Expansion diffusion- adopters are increasing

-J curve- contagious, number of adopters are going up at an exponential rate, contagious.

An exponential rate of increase becomes quicker and quicker as the thing that increases becomes larger

-Linear curve- adopters are increasing, but not at an exponential rate, hierarchical.

- a good example of linear curve is stanleys 

-Stimulus- number of adopters are increasing at the slowest rate, modified to fit their own culture better.

-good example of stimulus diffusion is mcdonalds in india, use of mouse between apple and pc.




Spatial perspective-

5 themes drives spatial perspective


How does geography affect the spread of ideas, diseases, etc.

Maps.



What is location theory and political ecology-

Location theory- Location of cities/settlement

For a place to be successful (according to aristotle), it needs to have clear water, good trade route, needs to be on high ground for defense and to prevent pillage


People-

Greek- eratosthenes

Romans took a lot of their stuff and made it better.

Muslims saved the roman stuff during the collapse

-islam is expansion diffusion and contagious diffusion


Maps -

Projections- mercator (rectangle map, making grid 90 degrees, makes polar distortion but compass bearing is correct), 

Mollweide-fixed some of the polar distortion but the shapes of everything got stretched, the compass bearing is distorted, oval map

robinson


Reference-political and physical

Thematic- isoline map and dot map and choropleth and proportional and flowline


How to find scale on map -

-if you have a small land area and you’re looking at a large map, you will get more detail

1:24000 is more detailed than 1:2000000


Possibilism-

Making the environment easy for humans to live in using technology


Environmental determinism-

The environment shapes humans, their actions and thoughts


Hierarchical diffusion- 

Type of expansion


Herodotus- history

Eratosthenes-father

Aristotle-env determinism, locational theory

Ptolemy- maps (world map)

Strabo- 17 volumes


Possibilism

Harsh environments= humans adapting

You can’t grow pineapples in alaska, but you can build a greenhouse for other vegetables