Aqueous

Define equilibrium

state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the reverse reaction

What is a sparingly soluble salt

one that does not dissolve much in water

What does a large Ks value indicate

high solubility

What is solubility

maximum concentration before it cannot dissolve anymore

Unit for solubiltiy

mol L-1

Le-chateliers principle

if there is a change to the system, system will shift to oppose the change

State common ion effect

solubility of an ionic compound is reduced if it is added to a solution already containing one of its ions (common ion)

What is the ionic product

ratio of (products) to (reactants) at any concentration

What is precipitation

concentration of a solution exceeds its solubility

What happens when Qs<Ks

no precipitate

What happens when Qs = Ks

nothing

What happens when Qs>Ks

precipitate is formed

Explain complex ion effect

formation of complex ion with the hydroxide ion will remove the dissolved metal ion from the solution. Equilibrium will shift to product side

List strong acids

HCl, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4

List weak acids

CH3COOH, HF, H2CO3

List of strong bases

NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2

List weak base

NH3,

Calculate (H3O+) from weak base

square root of Ka x Kw divided by (NH3)

(H3O+) for weak acids

Ka = (H3O)+2 divided by (HA)

Ka for strong acids

high value

What are electrolytes

substances that have a natural positive or negative electrical charge when dissolved in water

Define the end-point

point at which the indicator changes colour in an acid-base titration

Equivalence point

half of straight line

Midpoint

half of the volume on the way to the equivalence point

How to choose an indicator

end point of the indicator must equal the equivalence point of the titration

What are buffers

solutions that resist changes to pH on addition of small amounts of acids or base