Bio 2

What should the surface area to volume ratio always be

LARGE. In order to have plenty of space to exachnage between the inside and outside of things

What are the two types of cells

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic

Light microscopes

Found in labs- used to study stained or living cells

Electron microscope

Used to study detailed structures of a cell

What is inside a prokaryotic cell

Cytoplasm

Where is DNA Found in a prokaryotic cell

Nucleoid

What surrounds a prokaryotic cell

Plasma membrane, then cell wall, followed by a thick capsule on the outside

How do prokaryotes move

With flagella

Name the parts of a prokaryotic cell

What is the only membrane in a prokaryotic cell

Plasma membrane

What is endosymbiosis

A theory that suggests that eukaryotic organelles used to be their own prokaryotic cells

What size cells have the most favorable surface area to volume ratio

Smaller cells

What is the outer envelope of the cell

Plasma membrane

What is the plasma membrane made of + which sides are hydrophobic and what direction do they face

Phospholipid bilayer (hydrophobic tails face inward and hydrophilic heads face outward)

What’s does the plasma membrane do

Regulates momvement into and out of the xell

What proteins are loosely associated with the bilayer

Peripheral proteins

What proteins are firmly bound to the plasma membrane

Integral proteins

What proteins extreme all the way through the membrane

Transmembrane proteins

What is the arrangement of the bilayer and proteins called

Fluid mosaic model

Adhesion proteins

Form junctions between adjacent ces

Receptor proteins

Docking sites for arrivals

Transport protiens

Form pumps that’s use aro to transport across the membrane

Cell surface markers

Exposed on the extrcellular surface to help identify the cell

Carbohydrate side chains

Increase membrane fluidity

What is the largest organelle in the cell

Nucleus

What is the role of the nucelus

Hold hereditary information (DNA) in the form of chromosomes + house the nucleolus

What are chromosomes and where are they found

They hold hereditary information in the nucleus

What is the nucleolus and where is it found

Makes RNA and ribosomes in the nucleus

What is the role of ribosomes

Facilitating protein synthesis and manufacturing proteins

Where are ribosomes found

Either free flowing in the cell or attached to the ER

What is the ER

Provides mechanical support and helps with transport

What is the rough er and what is it used for

Attached to the nucleus with ribosomes attached and compartmentalizes the cell. Makes Golgi bodies, lysosomes

What is the smooth er

No ribosomes, makes lipids and hormones to break down toxins

What is the role of the golgi complex

Processing of proteins, modifies sorts and packages materials to be sent out of the cell

How are packages sent across the crll

Vesicles

What are the membrane disks that the ER and golgi are made out of called

Cisternae

What is the role of the mitochondria

Converting energy from organic molecules to ones that the cell can use (ATP)

What is the most common energy molecule in the cell

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

How to recognize mitochondria

Double membrane, cristae peaks

Where is the most ATP creation done

Cristae

Role of lysosomes

Clean up crew, used to carry digestive enzymes and break down organelles and debris

How are lysosomes made

When vesicles carrying gogli fuse with vesicles made during endocytosis

What is cell death called

Apoptosis

What are centrioles

Used during cell division to make microtubules to pull chromosomes apart

Where are centrioles found

Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

What are microtubules

They rip apart chromosomes during mitosis

What are vacuoles

Fluid filled sacs that hold food water etc

what are peroxisomes

detoxify various substances + produce H2O2 as a byproduct

what is the cyto skeleton and what is it made of

holds thee cell together + allows it to keep its shape and is made out of protein fibers

what types of protein fibers is the cytoskeleton made out of

microtubules and microfilaments

what are microtubules + what are they made of + where can they be found

part of cytoskeleton - made up of the protein tubulin and helps with cell division and movement - centrioles, silica, and flagella

what are microfilaments + what are they made of

made of the protein actin - assist with cytokinesis and cella movement

what are cilica and flagella

threadlike strucutres known to move by using a beating motion

cells move using….

cilica and flagella

how do plant cells differ from animal cells

they have a cell wall + central vacuole

what is a cell wall used for + what are they made out of

providing suppourt for the cells + protecting against osmotic changes. they aklso include choloroplasts

what is the cell wall made of in fungi

chitin

what do mature plants have in their vacuole

cell sap

identify if the following are found in prokaryotes, plant cells, and animal cells.

1. cell wall

2. plasma membrane

3. membrane-bound organelle

4. nucleus

5. centrioles

6. ribosomes

1. prokaryotes and plant cells

2. prokaryotes, plant cells, animal cells

3. animal and plant cells

4. plant and animal cells

5. plant and animal cells

6. prokaryotes, plant, and animal cells

was is osmoregulation

moving water across membranes to maintain homeostasis

what does the ability of molecules moving across the membrane depend on

1. the semipermeability of the membrane

2. size and charge of the particles

what will pass through the membrane easily

lipid-solubles substances (N, O, CO2)

what type of transport is necessary when the molecule is hydrophilic

facilitated transport

what does facilitated transport depend on

number of proteins that act as tunnels through the membrane

what are channels

specialized types of tunnels that only allow certain things through

what are aquaporins

channels for water

how are ions transported across the plasma membrane

membrane proteins

membranes are polar/nonpolar

polar

which was does a substance move on the concentration gradient

down

what is it called when a substance moves down a concentration gradient

diffusion

what is diffusion called when a molecule is hydrophobic

simple diffusion

what is it called when diffusion requires a channel protein

facilitated diffusion

what is facilitated diffusion

when diffusion requires a channel protein

what type of transport is diffusion

passive transport

what. ispassive transport

diffusion, no energy required, down the concentration gradient

what is osmosis

diffustion for water

where does water want to move in osmosis

from low concerntration of solute to high concentration of solute (wants to dissolve the high concentration solution)

which can change due to osmosis, cell wall or cell membrane and why

cell wall does not change, cell membrane can shrink if it loses water

isotonic

solute concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell

hypertonic

solvent concentration is lower outside than inside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

hypotonic

solution where the solute concentration is lower outside the cell than inside, causing the cell to swell.

what is water potential

eagerness of water to flow from high potential to low potential

what is water potential affected by

pressure potnetial and solute potential

would adding a solute increase or decrease the water potential

decrease, the water would be less likely to leave

what is transport against the gradient called

active transport

Example of active transport

sodium-potassium pump

what does activee transport depend on

atp

what is primary active transport

when atp is directly utilized to transport something

what is secondary active transport

uses energy captured from the movement of another substance flowing down a concentration gradient

3 ways that a cell can cross a cell membrane

simple diffustion, facilitated transport, active transport

what is endocytosis

the process by which a cell engulfs material from its surroundings, allowing molecules to enter the cell. this creates a vacuole or. a vesicle