Microbio LAB (9.1-9.3) Parasitology 1-4

Decontamination

destruction, removal, or reduction in the number of undesirable microbes

Sterilization

the removal or destruction of all viable microbes

disinfection

destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects

sepsis

the growth of microorganisms in the tissues

asepsis

techniques that prevent the entry of microorganism into sterile tissues

antiseptics

chemicals used on body surfaces

sanitization

cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris form inanimate surfaces

degermation

cleansing technique that removes microorganisms and debris from living tissue

Physical Agents Used to Kill Microbes

1) Heat

• dry heat

  • incineration results sterilization

• moist heat

  • steam under pressure results in sterilization (Autoclave)

  • boiling water results in disinfection

  • Pasteurization results in disinfection

2) radiation

• ionizing

• nonionizing

Gamma Radiation

one type of ionizing radiation

• collides with molecules in the cell

  • creates free radicals

  • resulting in DNA breakages

Ultraviolet Radiation

one type of nonionzing radiation

• kills by damaging DNA

  • triggers mutations in DNA (Thymine Dimers)

  • Causes direct protein damage

Limitations of Ultraviolet Radiation

cannot go through plastic or glass

mainly used for killing microbes on surfaces, air, water

damages retina of eye

• ultraviolet radiation must be used when people are not present

Mosquito

Representative Genus: Anopheles

Disease: Malaria

Tick

Representative Genus: Ixodes

Disease: Lyme Disease

Flea

Representative Genus: Pulex

Disease: Plague

Lice

Representative Genus: pediculus

Disease: Head lice

Cyclops

Representative Genus: Cyclops

Disease: Guinea Worm Disease

Anopheles

Ixodes

Pulex

Pediculus

Cyclops

Entamoeba histolytica

Motility: pseudopod

Mode of transmission: fecal-oral

Infective stage: cyst

disease: amebiasis

parts to look for

• central karyosome

• bullseye nucleus

• consumes red blood cells

• look for RBCs inside organism

• can eat through lining of GI tract and kill host

Entamoeba histolytica

Naegleria fowleri

Motility: pseudopod

Mode of transmission: travels up the nose

• water enters the nose of an organism then travels up olfactory nerve to the brain

Infective stage: trophozoite

disease: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM)

parts to look for

• large karyosome that take up whole nucleus

Naegleria fowleri

Acanthamoeba spp.

Motility: pseudopod

Mode of transmission: contaminated water or soil contact

Infective stage: trophozoite or cyst

disease: keratitis (eye), amebic encephalitis

parts to look for

• karyosome takes up half of the nucleus

Acanthamoeba spp.

Balantidium coli

Motility: cilia

Mode of transmission: fecal-oral

Infective stage: cyst

disease: Balantidiasis

• also, may people go asymptomatic

parts to look for

• large kidney bean shaped nucleus

Balantidium coli

giardia lamblia

Motility: flagella

Mode of transmission: fecal-oral

Infective stage: cyst

disease: Giardiasis “Hikers’ diarrhea”

parts to look for

• symmetrical heart shape

• flagella

• two nuclei

• organelles positioned in such a way that it resembles a face

giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

Motility: flagella

Mode of transmission: sexual intercourse

Infective stage: trophozoite

disease: Trichomoniasis

• male: usually asynptomatic

• female: vaginal discharge

parts to look for

• pear shaped

• undulating membrane

• flagella

• axostyle

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trypanosoma brucei

motility: flagella

mode of transmission: bite from tsetse fly

infective stage: trypanomastigtoe

Host: Tsetse fly —> human

ideas; African Sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei

Trypanosoma cruzi

motility: flagella

mode of transmission: bite from kissing bug

infective stage: trypomastigote

Host: kissing bug —> human

Disease: Chaga’s disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Leishmania donovani

motility: flagella

mode of transmission: bite from sand fly

infective stage: promastigote

Host: sand fly —> human

disease: Leishmaniasis

Leishmania donovani

Cryptosporidium parvum

motility: none

mode of transmission: females oral, ingestion of oocyst

infective stage: oocyst

host: humans and other animals

disease: cryptosporidiosis

Cryptosporidium parvum

toxoplasma gondii

motility: none

mode of transmission: ingestion of oocyst

infective stage: oocyst

host: feline —> rodent, bird, human

disease: toxoplasmosis

toxoplasma gondii

plasmodium species

motility: none

mode of transmission: bite from female anopheles mosquito

infective stage: sporozoite

host: female anopheles mojito —> human

disease: malaria

plasmodium species

Ascaris lumbricoides

Mode of transmission: ingestions of ova/ egg

infective stage: egg

host: human

Disease: Ascaris or Ascariasis

Ascaris lumbricoides

Enterobius vermicularis

Mode of transmission: ingestions of ova/ egg

infective stage: egg

host: human

Disease: Pinworm

Enterobius vermicularis

Trichuris trichiura

Mode of transmission: ingestions of ova/ egg

infective stage: egg

host: human

Disease: Whipworm

Trichuris trichiura

Necator americanus

Mode of transmission: larvae penetrate skin

infective stage: larvae

host: human

Disease: hookworm

Necator americanus

Anisakis simplex

Mode of transmission: eat uncooked infected fish

infective stage: larvae

host: marine mammal —> human, fish, squid

Disease: Anisakiasis

Anisakis simplex

Trichinella spiralis

Mode of transmission: eat pork with encysted larvae

infective stage: encysted larvae

host: pig —> human

Disease: trichinosis

Trichinella spiralis

Loa loa

Mode of transmission: bite from mango fly

infective stage: microfilariae

host: mango fly —> human

vector: mango fly

Disease: African Eye worm

Loa loa

Wuchereria bancrofti

Mode of transmission: mosquito bite

infective stage: microfilariae

host: mosquito —> human

Vector: Mosquito

Disease: Elephantiasis

Wuchereria bancrofti

Onchocerca volvulus

Mode of transmission: bite form black fly

infective stage: microfilariae

host: black fly —> human

vector: black fly

Disease: river blindness

Onchocerca volvulus

Dracunculus medinensis

Mode of transmission: drinking water with cyclops

infective stage: larvae (inside the cyclops)

host: cyclops —> human

vector: cyclops

Disease: guinea worm

Dracunculus medinensis

Round worms

cylindrical, non-segmented worms

sex organs on separate worms

no hooks or suckers to attach to host

inhabit the intestinal tract, blood, organs, tissues

flat worms

flat body shape

may be hermaphrodites

have hooks/ suckers to attach to host

inhabit intestinal tract, blood, organ tissues

Name the parts of the tapeworm model starting in the upper right and traveling clockwise

1) ova

2) Strobilia

3) Cysticerci

4) Strobilia

5) Sucker

6) Scolex

7) Ring of hooks

Name the parts of the tapeworm model starting in the upper right and traveling clockwise

1) Testes

2) Uterus

3) Ovaries

4) Strobilia

5) Neck

6) Sucker

7) Scolex

Name the parts of the tapeworm model starting in the upper right and traveling clockwise

Gravid Uterus

Gravid Proglottid

Mature Proglottid

Ovaries

Uterus

Taenia saginata

Mode of transmission: eating undercooked beef with cysticerci

Infective stage: Cysticerci

Host: D- human, I-Cattle

Disease: Taeniasis

*Large Scolex, with four oral suckers

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

Mode of transmission: eating undercooked pork with cysticerci

Infective stage: Cysticerci

Host: D- human, I-pig

Disease: Taeniasis

*smaller scolex with Rostellum

Taenia solium

Diphyllobothrium latum

Mode of transmission: eat fish with cysticerci

Infective stage: Cysticerci

Host: D- human, I-fish

*common name: fish tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum

Echinococcus granulosus

Mode of transmission: ingestion of egg/ ova

Infective stage: egg

Host: D- canine, I- human, sheep, cattle

*common name: sheep tapeworm

Echinococcus granulosus