psych midterm spring 2025

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25 Terms

1
Consciousness
The awareness of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
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2
Stage 1 of Sleep
Transition between wakefulness and sleep; characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
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3
Stage 2 of Sleep
Characterized by slower, more regular wave patterns and momentary interruptions known as 'sleep spindles'.
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4
Stage 3 of Sleep
Deepest stage of sleep; least responsive to outside stimulation.
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5
REM Sleep
Stage of sleep characterized by increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, erections, eye movement, and dreams.
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6
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Measurement of electrical activity in different parts of the brain, recorded as a visual trace.
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7
Circadian Rhythm
A biological process that occurs approximately every 24 hours.
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8
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Freud's theory that dreams represent unconscious wishes that dreamers desire to see fulfilled.
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9
Dreams for Survival Theory
Antti Revonsuo's theory that dreams allow for critical information related to daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed.
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10
Activation Synthesis Theory
John Allen Hobson's theory that the brain produces random electrical energy during REM sleep, stimulating stored memories.
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11
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus to produce a learned response.
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12
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without prior learning.
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13
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
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14
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.
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15
Operant Conditioning
Type of learning where voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened by their consequences.
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16
Reinforcement
Any event or stimulus that increases the probability that a response will occur again.
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17
Positive Reinforcement
Addition of a pleasurable stimulus following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
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18
Negative Reinforcement
Removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
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19
Punishment
Stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
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20
Shaping
Teaching complex behavior by rewarding closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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21
Token Economy
A system where tokens are used to reinforce behavior, which can be exchanged for desired items or privileges.
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22
Learned Helplessness
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation due to a history of repeated failures.
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23
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs by watching others and imitating their behavior.
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24
Insight Learning
A sudden realization of a problem's solution, often referred to as a 'lightbulb moment'.
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25
Instinctive Drift
The tendency for animals to revert to their original behaviors after being conditioned.
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