APUSH PD 4(1800-1848) Jefferson, WW, cotton, sectionalism,

Jefferson, WW, cotton, lewis and Clark, agrarian, sectionalism, Jackson, 2nd Great Awakening, Jacksonian Democracy

Thomas Jefferson

3rd pres, agrarian, made louisiana purchase, wanted individual freedom/social equality for yt men, and shrank fed bureaucracy and army/navy(pro state)

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who raided American ships after America didn’t wanna pay ransom for trading anymore, prompted the Barbary Wars & reduced the ransom.

federalist

loose constructionists favoring a strong central government and supporting commerce.

democratic republicans

strict constructionists favoring a limited federal government and supporting agrarian interests.

louisiana purchase

in 1803 US (James Monroe) got Louisiana Territory from France cz France worried ab Haitian Rev, facilitating WW expansion and doubled US size. Led to more opportunity for farmers cz of New Orleans/Missisppi River routes

Judiciary Act

of 1789 established the federal judiciary system of the United States, creating the Supreme Court and lower federal courts.

Midnight Judges

Adams appointed Federalist judges to keep influence before he left office, on of them (Marbury) got fired by Jeff and sued

Marbury V Madison

1803 increased fed court authority by letting them declare things unconstitutional, aka asserted judicial review(spurred by Midnight Judges/Judiciary Act

New Orleans 1800s

Port city for ag. exports like cotton, very racially diverse and important to the economy.

Lewis and Clark expedition

led by Lewis and Clark from 1804-06, they explored the Louisiana Territory to find scientific data, reported Spanish/French military power, made treaties w Natives, and found Pacific Ocean route.

Corps of Discovery

mapped the land, diplomatic ties w Natives, and collected scientific data

Embargo Act

Jeff wanted to maintain neutrality so no trade in any foreign ports because of Napoleonic Wars, but it hurt economy in NE/ farmers

Non Intercourse Act

restricted trade w Brit and French and NA tribes.

War Hawks

ppl who were pro war against British during War of 1812 because of impressment

Battle of Thames

American W in War of 1812, defeated Tacumseh (shawnee leader)

Battle of Horseshoe

Andrew Jackson devestated Cherokee and Creek pop in wo1812

Treaty of Ghent

1814 finally restored pre wo1812 borders

Battle of New Orleans

Another Andrew Jackson W in wo1812

Hartford Convention

Federalists were anti wo1812, had a convention to propose constitutional amendments, and even possible sucession

wo1812 Impact

us was bankrupt, Indian tribes had no power, Rush-Bagot Treaty ensured Canada-US border peace, industrialization/manufacturing of US increased, and ppl were proud to win versus British

Anglo-American Convention 1818

established border agreements w Canada/Brit, and joint occupation of Oregon

war of 1812

1812-1815 US and Brit conflict cz of trade restrictions(Embargo Act), impressment, and territorial expansion. US won Ohio Indiana Illinois Missisppi Alabama and Louisiana after purchase and war.

Adams Onis Treaty

spain ceded Florida and Oregon Territory to US 1819

Monroe Doctrine

EU not allowed to interfere in Americas/Western Hemisphere after Latin America got independence

James Monroe

5th president, made the Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine, and annexed Florida for US

Era of Good Feelings

James Monroes terms where federalists party died off after wo1812

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay, system that implemented high protective tariffs, fed funded roads/canals for economy, 2ND national bank. Worked against farmers interests and further exacerbated the national divide

Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

Henry Clay said Missouri could be slave state and Maine free state, divided US into 36 30 line

Market Revolution

early 19th century shift from agrarian to market system because of industrialization, transportation(RR, canals, steamboats), communication and industry advances. It connected northern industries w western/southern farms.

Erie Canal

Canal that increased commerce from Hudson River to Great Lakes, it was farmers link to markets, importing fresh goods and cemented NYCs role in nations commerce

Steamboats

cut travel times through Missisippi River in 1820s and made rivers important in commerce

Banks role

they were for loans, interest, paper currency, credit, bank notes, and were the 1st corporations.

Dartmouth College v Woodward

private corps have rights similar to individuals, states couldnt violate contracts through new legislation

McCulloch V Maryland

determined states couldn’t interfere w gov workings, gov>state

Gibbons V Odgen

NY wasn’t allowed to give Fulton/Odgen Ferry a monopoly on NY harbor because it was interstate; only Congress can control interstate business

Worchester v Georgia

1832 GA cant regulate deals on Cherokee territory, only fed gov can and fed gov forced Cherokee into Oklahoma/trail of tears

Whig Party

supported Adams-Clay American System, named National Republicans at first, opposed JacksonianDE

Democratic Party

rights of the “common man”, Jacksonians limited fed gov, didn’t want fed gov in economy cz scared of it interfering w slavery

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams vs Andrew Jackson, the Electoral College voted for Jackson but Adams won through House of Representatives and people believed this was a “Corrupt Bargain” between Clay and Adams

Panic of 1819

The demand for cotton in Britain went down, cotton mills were processing too much and value went down. Many limited credit/closed loans, and ppl became unemployed. It showed how devastating the newly interconnected economy can become when faced with adversaries.

Cotton Gin/Spinning Machine

increased industry output, increased slavery demand, grew economy

Interchangable Parts

mass production of products, swapped for one another in manufacturing

American System of Manufacturing

Water powered machines, unskilled laborers doing repetative tasks

Railroads

grew in 1830s connecting western frontier to rest of US; influenced trade and stimulated coal mining and iron manufacturing

Baltimore &Ohio

1st major RR of US

Immigration

German and Irish immigrants came but were discriminated against for being catholic

Tenement Housing

Immigrants in urban areas lived in these houses with poor sanitization and crowded areas

Wall of Separation

Church and state shouldn’t combine according to Republican ideals, CT and MA were last to separate politics from church 1833

Second Great Awakening

1820-1840s Methodists, Baptists, Protestants, Presbyterian groups grew from new revivals. It was emotional, egalitarian, and individualistic with AA and yts. Catholic Church also grew cz Irish

Religion for Slaves

their owners preached obedience, but some slaves grew hope because of religion/community songs and revolted like in South Carolina in 1822

Jewish Immigrants

formed synagogues, lived in east coast(NYC, Philadelphia, New Port, later Baltimore, New Orleans)

Middle Class Emerged

grew in the north because of market rev/expendable income

Cult of Domesticity

ideal women was a caregiver/homemaker for children/husband. lower class women had to work though

Universal Suffrage

but only for white men, they wanted to eliminate property qualifications for voting and this created political parties(national rep/whigs v demo)

Tariff of 1828(Tariff of Abominations)

import duties raised up to 50%, lowered cotton tax, southerners relied on import goods and disliked cz it made their cost of living higher, Western farmers and northern manufacturers liked

Nullification

Calhoun said states could declare tariffs/laws null/void

Spoils System

deteriorated fed services cz civil servants were being replaced by random officials

Jacksons Administration

his presidency was center of gov, forced indians west, anti Bank of US, pro union, expanded role of yt males in politics

Indian Removal Act

forced the Five Civilized Tribes out to Indian Territory, caused Trail of Tears where 1/3rd of Cherokee died going to Oklahoma

Second Bank of US

1816 bank that regulated currency/credit(farmers disliked it), Jackson killed it in 1832 and made the fed revenue go to state banks instead cz he thought it was a threat to democracy/elitist

South Carolina Radicals

ppl who were antifederal cz of fear over slavery abolishment

Reforms from 2nd Great Awakening

reformed alcohol use, women’s rights, abolition, insanity and prison reform emerged because of this

Charles Finney

lead the revivalism in 1820s, preached along the erie canal for ppl to change their lives, his preaching fit the egalitarian spirit of equal opportunity and rights.

Transcendalism

part of the rise of Utopian religious communities, a belief of passionate, direct experience of the world, self sufficiency, and gender equality(Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau)

Mormons

part of the rise of Utopian religious communities, Joseph Smith Book of Mormon had a Mormon War over monogamy and lost, they went to Utah and created a theocracy

Common School Crusade

reorganization of school system in US, started by Horace Mann and Catherine Beecher(women’s ed.) promoted equal public education on morality; Jacksonians saw as undemocratic/unnessesary/Catholics disliked cz they thought it was enforcing Protestant morality and created their own schools

McGuffeys Reader

Nations textbook to create a unified, literate and patriotic society

Romanticism

Hudson River school painted idealized rural landscape and beauty of natural america

Force Bill

Andwer Jackson was allowed to use force to enforce federal law in South Carolina (they were gna secede cz of tariffs of Abominations)

Noah Webster

made American English standardized with his dictionary

Oneida Christianity

They were basically communist and didn’t have private property and had complex marriages.

Temperance Society 1826

mid 1800s targeted against working class men who abused alcohol founded by business men/clergy

Abolition in 19th Century

Early 19th century it was quakers and free blacks but later picked up speed with William Llyod Garrisons Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison

made the Liberator in 1832 arguing that white ppl should use moral persuasion to fight against slavery and caused creation of American Anti Slavery Society

Northern Opinion on Slavery

many northerns feared abolition because of cotton industry/sugar trade effects, ppl didn’t want their jobs in trouble

Womens Rights

grew alongside abolitionism/temperance as women realized they needed more individual power to make a difference in their movements

Seneca Falls Convention

NY convention that called for equality in education, legal rights, and voting. They made Declaration of Sentiments

Nat Turners Rebellion

Slave revolt in Virginia caused because turner believed that God called on him to revolt; caused even harsher discipline of slaves

Yeoman Farmers

were individual farm land owners in the south, didn’t have slaves but still believed in the institution of slavery

Henry David Thoreau

civil disobedience- gov that violates morality nas no authority

The Shakers

Led by Mother Ann Lee, died out due to celibacy, they had community life and shared property

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841 spent his term with bank failures, mass unemployment, and bankruptcies