apush dbq study set

Skyscrapers

Tall, steel-framed buildings emerging in the late 19th century, especially in cities like Chicago and New York.

Suburbs

Residential areas outside city centers, enabled by transportation innovations.

Jacob Riis

Journalist and photographer who exposed urban poverty in his book How the Other Half Lives.

Tenements

Overcrowded, unsanitary urban housing for immigrants and the poor.

Emma Lazarus

Poet whose work, The New Colossus, is inscribed on the Statue of Liberty.

Ellis Island

Immigrant processing station in New York Harbor, opened in 1892.

City Machines

Political organizations controlling urban politics through patronage and corruption.

Tammany Hall

New York City's Democratic political machine, led by figures like Boss Tweed.

Boss Tweed

Leader of Tammany Hall, known for embezzlement and fraud.

Melting Pot

Metaphor for cultural assimilation of immigrants into American society.

Jane Addams/Settlement Houses/Hull House

Addams founded Hull House, a settlement house in Chicago.

Mugwumps

Reform-minded Republicans opposing political corruption.

WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union)

Organization advocating for temperance and social reforms.

Carrie Nation

Temperance advocate known for smashing saloons with a hatchet.

Comstock Law (1875)

Federal law banning the distribution of obscene materials, including birth control information.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Feminist and author of The Yellow Wallpaper and Women and Economics.

Susan B. Anthony

Leader in the women's suffrage movement and co-founder of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)

Provided federal land to states to establish colleges.

Land Grant Colleges

Colleges funded by the Morrill Act.

Philanthropy

Wealthy industrialists funding public institutions (e.g., libraries, schools).

Women's Colleges

Institutions like Vassar and Wellesley provided higher education for women.

Black Colleges

Institutions established to educate African Americans (e.g., Howard University).

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwin's survival of the fittest theory to society.

Herbert Spencer

Philosopher who popularized Social Darwinism.

William Graham Sumner

American advocate of Social Darwinism.

Henry George

Author of Progress and Poverty, proposing a single tax on land.

Clarence Darrow

Famous defense attorney and social reformer.

Jim Crow

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Ida Wells

Journalist and anti-lynching activist.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case upholding 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Booker T. Washington

Advocate for vocational education for African Americans.

Atlanta Compromise

Washington's 1895 speech advocating economic progress over immediate civil rights.

WEB Du Bois

Civil rights leader and founder of the NAACP.

Separatism

Advocacy for separate Black institutions and communities.

Assimilation

Process of integrating minorities into dominant culture.

Niagara Movement

Early civil rights group led by Du Bois.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909.

Gilded Age

Term coined by Mark Twain for the late 19th century.

Pendleton Act (1883)

Law creating a merit-based civil service system.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Federal law regulating railroad rates and practices.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law prohibiting monopolies and business practices restricting competition.

The Grange

Farmers' organization addressing agricultural issues.

Farmers' Alliances

Regional groups advocating for farmers' rights.

Mary Lease

Populist orator urging farmers to 'raise less corn and more hell.'

Tom Watson

Populist leader advocating for interracial cooperation.

People's Party (Populist Party)

Political party formed by farmers and laborers in 1892.

Populism

Movement representing the interests of common people against elites.

Graduated Income Tax

Tax based on income level.

Australian Ballot

Secret voting system.

Panic of 1893

Severe economic depression caused by railroad bankruptcies and gold shortages.

Homestead Strike (1892)

Violent strike at Carnegie Steel over wage cuts.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Nationwide strike against Pullman Company over wage cuts.

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union and socialist.

William McKinley

Republican president (1897-1901), supported high tariffs and gold standard.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist Democrat famous for his 'Cross of Gold' speech.

Political Realignment/4th Party System

Shift in party dynamics after 1896, favoring Republicans.

Isolationism

U.S. foreign policy stance of avoiding alliances and conflicts abroad, especially before the late 19th century.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country's power through diplomacy or military force to control other territories.

Expansionism

Policy of territorial or economic expansion, including Manifest Destiny and later global outreach.

Annexationists

Advocates for adding new territories to the United States, including Hawaii and the Philippines.

Anglo-Saxonism

Belief in the cultural and racial superiority of Anglo-Saxons, used to justify imperialism.

Commodore Matthew Perry

U.S. naval officer who opened Japan to trade with the West through the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

U.S. policy opposing European colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere.

William H. Seward / 'Seward's Folly'

Secretary of State who purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, initially criticized as a mistake.

Pan-Americanism

Advocacy for economic and political cooperation among nations in the Americas.

Venezuela Boundary Dispute (1895)

Conflict between Venezuela and British Guiana over their border, with the U.S. intervening under the Monroe Doctrine.

Alfred T. Mahan

Naval officer and author of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, advocating for a strong navy and overseas bases.

Spanish-American War (1898)

War between the U.S. and Spain, sparked by Cuban independence movements and the sinking of the USS Maine.

'Yellow Journalism'

Sensationalist journalism, exemplified by publishers like Hearst and Pulitzer, that exaggerated events to influence public opinion.

USS Maine

American battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898, killing 260 sailors.

William McKinley

U.S. president during the Spanish-American War, initially reluctant to go to war but later supported intervention.

Theodore Roosevelt / "Rough Riders"

Roosevelt's volunteer cavalry unit that gained fame for its charge at the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Teller Amendment (1898)

U.S. legislation promising Cuban independence after Spanish-American War victory.

American Anti-Imperialist League

Organization formed in 1898 opposing U.S. annexation of the Philippines and imperialism in general.

Philippine-American War/Philippine Insurrection

Armed conflict (1899-1902) between the U.S. and Filipino forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo, following the U.S. annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain and later against the U.S. during the Philippine-American War.

Platt Amendment (1901)

U.S. legislation that restricted Cuba's sovereignty and allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.

The Open Door Policy

U.S. diplomatic policy, initiated by Secretary of State John Hay, advocating equal trading rights in China for all nations and preserving Chinese territorial integrity.

Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

Anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China led by the 'Boxers,' a nationalist secret society.

Progressivism

Reform movement (1890s-1920s) aimed at addressing social, political, and economic inequalities caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists and writers who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power during the Progressive Era.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line and mass production of the Model T.

Oligopoly

Economic condition where a few large firms dominate an industry (e.g., steel, oil, railroads).

J.P. Morgan

Influential financier and banker who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation (e.g., U.S. Steel).

Taylor/"Taylorism"

Engineer and management consultant who developed scientific management principles to improve industrial efficiency.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

Industrial disaster in New York City where 146 garment workers, mostly women, died due to unsafe working conditions.

Margaret Sanger

Birth control advocate who founded organizations that later became Planned Parenthood.

Niagara Movement (1905)

Early civil rights group led by W.E.B. Du Bois, advocating for full civil liberties, higher education, and opposition to racial discrimination.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Civil rights organization founded in 1909 to fight racial discrimination and promote equality through legal action.

Samuel Gompers

Founder and longtime president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL), focused on skilled workers and collective bargaining.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

Federation of skilled labor unions established in 1886, led by Samuel Gompers.

IWW/"Wobblies" (Industrial Workers of the World)

Radical labor union founded in 1905, advocating for industrial unionism and overthrowing capitalism.

Herbert Croly

Progressive political thinker and author of The Promise of American Life (1909).

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president (1901-1909) known for trust-busting, conservation efforts, and the Square Deal.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Leader of the women's suffrage movement and president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Organization founded in 1890, merging two suffrage groups led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.

Alice Paul

Militant suffragist and leader of the National Woman's Party (NWP), known for her aggressive tactics like protests and hunger strikes.

19th Amendment (1920)

Constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

Supreme Court justice (1902-1932) known for his advocacy of judicial restraint and his philosophy of legal realism.