Italian Sts & Refs

What is Spiritual Theology? What does it study?

Personal transformation, the movement of grace, and effect of divine love

What is the goal of reform?

Human perfection and greater conformity of life to Christ

What is Donatism?

The belief that if members are holy then sacraments are valid but if the member are not holy then the sacrament should be invalid.

What is the Donatist error on church holiness?

That the sacraments are ONLY valid insofar as the minister is holy

-> none of the ministers are sinless-> none of the sacraments are valid

How does Augustine's response to the Donatists give us important clarifications on the Church's holiness and the sacraments?

The sacraments are efficacious ex opere operato (by the very act itself) and the validity of the sacrament does not hinge on the holiness of its ministers

What is Christian perfection and holiness?

sainthood

purification

the reveal of an abuse, a return to a better practice

Adaptation

gradual, non-threatening change to keep up with the times, same principal, emphasis, change means but same goal

Accretion

the borrowing of a practice from outside the church

development

along the same line, more rudimentary to more developed, go further- more understood/applied

creative transformation

everything else

5 types of reform

purification, adaptation, accretion, development, creative transformation

4 areas of reform

morality, church discipline, governance, doctrine

morality

personal fidelity of the Christian way of life, renewal of person

which reforms are of morality?

purification, development, creative transformation

church discipline

what one does not what one believes, rule of conduct, freely introduced and can remove

examples of church discipline

holydays, fasting, clerical celibacy, abstinence, holy water, genuflecting, food pantry

which reforms are of church discipline?

purification, adaptation, accretion

which reforms are of governance?

adaptation, accretion, development, creative transformation

which reforms are of doctrine?

purification, adaptation, accretion, development

what does adaptation of doctrine look like?

emphasizing different parts of church teaching for different times

imitation of Christ prior to Francis

reformatio in pristinum, emphasis on His poverty

3 focuses prior to Francis

Imitation of Christ, devotion to the Eucharist, courtly love

devotion to Eucharist prior to St. Francis

Eucharist was seen as a "symbol" like a horse is a symbol of horseness- doesn't mean it's not His body, then suddenly in 11th cent people take it the modern way

=increased devotion and focus on transubstantiation in response

courtly love prior to Francis

increased devotion to Mary= can't respect her if think that way about women- increase of women's position from object to partner

-sonnets and bards trying to become better for a woman and woo her

-Francis quests after lady poverty

Waldensians

vernacular preaching, poverty, anti-clerical (clergy is corrupt), against sacraments like donatists, didn't listen to church unlike Francis, their ideas are condemned

Who started waldensians?

Peter Waldo

When did Francis live?

1181 till 1226

when did Clare live?

1194 and 1253

What is a 3rd Order and why did Francis create it?

meant to make monasticism more evangelical, many married people were abandoning families with church's approval to join, can join lay order without leaving marriage

-established in 2nd letter to the faithful

what are 1st order Franciscans?

the friars

what are 2nd order Franciscans?

the sisters

what are 3rd order Franciscans?

the laity

rules for a 3rd order

-get rid of all and reconcile with neighbor

-dress humbly, avoid banquets, meeting places, dancing, and actors

-no meat 4 days a week

-NOT a vow under pain of mortal sin but disobeying against God since promised Him you would

How does Franciscan poverty differ from Benedictine?

Benedictines owned things as a community but Franciscans refused to own anything at all

Franciscans v.s. Waldensians

Both preached in the vernacular however the Franciscans submitted to the church's authority and got permission in advance

How does the pope end up in Avignon?

There were fights with the French and so one pope moved there to build better relations- the next few popes are French

How was the Dialogue composed?

by Catherine in ecstasy over a few years, dictating to her scribe, she later edits it herself

How was the Great Schism resolved?

Resolved by the Council of Constance in Pisa- dispose all 3 and erect a new one- Martin V in Roman line

what is conciliarism?

thinking council is more authoritative than pope bc can dispose the pope BUT if pope calls council and steps down then the council can elect with his authority

Clerical abuses from Sixtus IV onward

pluralism, absenteeism, benefices, concubinage, luxury, etc.

-would hold many benefices, but not reside in those dioceses, would do none of them but paid for all

Catherine tells the popes to...

overcome self-love

correct others

crusade- war to unbelievers

spiritual matters- not temporal

salvation of souls

appoint virtuous cardinals

Catherine tells the popes NOT to...

war on other Christians

simony

refinement

trafficking in the Blood-selling sacraments

betting/gambling

What drives the reform of Luther?

his father was distant and abusive, Luther was scrupulous= if he just gets rid of confession and says we are justified by faith alone then he doesn't have to worry if he did everything right- solves all his anxieties

Takes off after pope sends a Dominican to debate him- Cardinal Cajutin says "if you say x then that would mean y and z!" And Luther says "You're right! Thank you!" and gets even more extreme instead of recanting

Does reform always include change?

yes

what is the temptation to pharisaism?

Confusing the means with the ends

example of means and ends

praying the rosary to grow closer to God

How does Lateran V get called?

called by pope in response to a council called in Pisa. Dealt with reforming episcopacy, peer review of cardinals, simony, prohibitions on certain levels of luxury, competence to preach, no apocalyptic preaching

How is the Council of Trent called?

Paul III calls it in 1535, but thought it was too late for reunion

Emperor Charles V wants reunion with King of Germany

Goals of the Council of Trent

1. Suppress heresy/ incorrect teaching

2. reform people

Doctrine of the 3rd Meeting of Trent

Eucharist, Marriage, Purgatory, Relics, Images

What did the Council of Trent say about the Eucharist?

-Real presence under either species

-can receive both sometimes

-not advantageous to everywhere celebrate the vernacular

-condemns only the vernacular

(doesn't deal with most liturgical abuses)

masses still very localized until this point

What does the Council of Trent say about Marriage?

-massive change

-canonical form on marriages

-have to observe a particular form and ceremony (why there are now so many annulments)

-priest and 2 witnesses, say specific words

What does the Council of Trent say about Purgatory, relics, and images?

-yes, but also get rid of all abuses around it

-shouldn't pay for relics

-fix paintings

-no indulgences by money

-all approved by bishop

-local culture and initiative is stamped out due to superstition

What were some of Pope Paul IV's reforms?

-beefs up inquisition

-outlaws begging

-jails cardinals

-sends bishops back to their dioceses

-commanded painting over of nudes

(heavy handed reformer and antisemitic)

Why do we need to be reformed?

Reformation and holiness are linked without it the body of Christ is empty.

Pharisaism

Temptation to turn the means into the ends (like a rosary makes you holy not the praying to God thing)

Synagogues

The temptation to push aside any and all forms of reformation, change or developments.

Gregorian reform

The fighting of the investitures for power

The Basics of the council of Basel-ferrara-florence

The Papal authority, purgatory and hopefully the reform of the Greek and the Roman church

The two tools used by the medieval church

Councils and cannons