Formula

rF value

• Rf = (Distance traveled by component) / (Distance traveled by solvent) 

Calculate the relative atomic mass from isotopic abundances

For each number, multiply its mass number its percentage abundance (as a decimal)

and add up all the products

how to carry out calculations involving amount of substance, relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative formula mass (Mr)

moles = mass/mr

how to calculate the percentage yield

Percentage Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) x 100

how to carry out calculations involving amount of substance, volume and concentration (in mol/dm3) of solution

Moles = concentration x volume in dm³

how to calculate the heat energy change

Q = mcΔT

heat energy change = mass x specific heat capacity x change in temp

calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH) from the heat energy change, Q

ΔH = Q / n

molar enthalpy change = heat energy change / moles

what is Avogadro's Constant:

1 mole = 6.02 × 10²³ particles (atoms, molecules, or ions)

Moles from Gas Volume:

Moles = Volume (dm³) / 24

Or

Moles = Volume (cm³) / 24,000

enthalpy change from bond energies

change in enthalpy = total energy used - total energy released

(energy of the reactants - energy of the products)